Profiling and quantifying polar lipids in milk by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering and mass spectrometry detection

In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection method has been developed and applied for quantification of the polar content of the lipid fraction in milk samples of different origin. From a chromatographic stand-point, a 4.6-mm I.D. hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column was employed to attain a baseline separation of major phospholipid classes contained in the various milk samples tested. Quantitative analysis was performed by the external calibration method using reference material solutions in the 5–100 mg/L concentration range. Analytical recoveries ranging from 57 to 100 %, and repeatability data lower than 8.04 % were obtained on a skimmed cow’s milk sample. The crude cow milk was the most abundant (0.04 %) in phospholipids and donkey milk was the poorest (0.004 %). Quantitative differences were determined in the phospholipid content of the milk samples tested. Finally, characterization of phospholipid profile and fatty acid composition of the different samples was carried out by an ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometer and gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection. A thorough screening of the polar lipid composition of milk samples of different origin is here outlined, for the first time.     

An Automatic Molecular Dispenser of Chloride

The combined activity of the 1.1.1‐cryptand and of a dicopper(II) bistren cryptate complex including chloride makes the Cl^? ion be continuously and slowly delivered to the solution, without any external intervention. The 1.1.1‐cryptand slowly releases OH^? ions, according to a defined kinetics, and each OH^? ion displaces a Cl^? ion from the cryptate. Chloride displacement induces a sharp colour change from bright yellow to aquamarine and can be conveniently monitored spectrophotometrically, even in diluted solutions. The 1.1.1‐cryptand is the motor of a molecular dispenser (the dicopper(II) cryptate) delivering chloride ion automatically, from the inside of the solution.     

Intramolecular Participation of Amino Groups in the Cleavage and Isomerization of Ribonucleoside 3′‐Phosphodiesters: The Role in Stabilization of the Phosphorane Intermediate

A dinucleoside‐3′,5′‐phosphodiester model, 5′‐amino‐4′‐aminomethyl‐5′‐deoxyuridylyl‐3′,5′‐thymidine, incorporating two aminomethyl functions in the 4′‐position of the 3′‐linked nucleoside has been prepared and its hydrolytic reactions studied over a wide pH range. The amino functions were found to accelerate the cleavage and isomerization of the phosphodiester linkage in both protonated and neutral form. When present in protonated form, the cleavage of the 3′,5′‐phosphodiester linkage and its isomerization to a 2′,5′‐linkage are pH‐independent and 50–80 times as fast as the corresponding reactions of uridylyl‐3′,5′‐uridine (3′,5′‐UpU). The cleavage of the resulting 2′,5′‐isomer is also accelerated, albeit less than with the 3′,5′‐isomer, whereas isomerization back to the 3′,5′‐diester is not enhanced. When the amino groups are deprotonated, the cleavage reactions of both isomers are again pH‐independent and up to 1000‐fold faster than the pH‐independent cleavage of UpU. Interestingly, the 2′‐ to 3′‐isomerization is now much faster than its reverse reaction. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. The rate accelerations are largely accounted for by electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the protonated amino groups with the phosphorane intermediate.     

Easy Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Trisaccharides from a Common Selectively Protected Lactose Building Block

ABSTRACT

Three glycosyllactosides, contained in the neutral fraction of human milk oligosaccharides, were synthesised in a simple and straightforward manner through a sequence based on a chemo-enzymatic approach. Lipase catalysed regioselective 6'-O-acylation of benzyl β-lactoside, followed by the introduction of an isopropylidene group and acetylation afforded, depending on the reaction conditions, compounds 4a and 4b, which allow selective access to positions 3, 3' and 6'. Glycosylation with proper donors gave trisaccharides 6, 9 and 12.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of proton transfer on the (27)al MAS NMR line shapes of zeolite-adsorbate complexes: an independent measure of solid Acid strength

Assessing the degree of proton transfer from a Br?nsted acid site to one or more adsorbed bases is central to arguments regarding the strength of zeolites and other solid acids. In this regard certain solid-state NMR measurements have been fruitful; for example, some (13)C, (15)N, or (31)P resonances of adsorbed bases are sensitive to protonation, and the (1)H chemical shift of the Br?nsted site itself reflects hydrogen bonding. We modeled theoretically the structures of adsorption complexes of several bases on zeolite HZSM-5, calculated the quadrupole coupling constants (Q(cc)) and asymmetry parameters (eta) for aluminum in these complexes and then in turn simulated the central transitions of their (27)Al MAS NMR spectra. The theoretical line width decreased monotonically with the degree of proton transfer, reflecting structural relaxation around aluminum as the proton was transferred to a base. We verified this experimentally for a series of adsorbed bases by way of single-pulse MAS and triple quantum MQMAS (27)Al NMR. The combined theoretical and experimental approach described here provides a strategy by which (27)Al data can be applied to resolve disputed interpretations of proton transfer based on other evidence.     

Matrix removal for the ion chromatographic determination of some trace elements in milk

An ion chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of some microelements in different types of milk. It involves oxidative photodegradation of the organic matrix with H₂O₂ in a UV digester, equipped with a high-pressure mercury lamp. The temperature of the sample is maintained at 85±5 °C by a combined air/water cooling system. This procedure provides an efficient alternative to traditional dry ashing and wet digestion methods. Milk degrades in less than 2 h, while inorganic constituents, except for iodide, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite and manganese (II), are unaffected by UV radiation. Depending upon the type of milk (whole, skimmed, powdered, evaporated, etc.) to be analysed, the amount of sample and the UV photolysis time can be adjusted as per requirements. The clear solution resulting from the UV digestion is diluted, filtered and injected onto an ion chromatograph equipped with both conductivity and variable-wavelength UV-Vis detectors. The method has been tested with standards and real milk samples and has been found to be satisfactory for the determination of total chloride, bromide, phosphorus (as phosphate) and sulfur (as sulfate), and of copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, iron and lead.     

The relative permittivity of 1,2-ethanediol+2-methoxyethanol+water ternary mixtures

The relative permittivities for the ternary 1,2-ethanediol (component 1) + 2-methoxyethanol (2) + water (3) solvent system have been measured for 66 mixtures covering the whole mole fraction composition 0X₁/X₂/X₃ 1 range at –10, –5 and 0 °C. The experimental data were used to test some empirical relations stating the dependence of = (X₁, X₂, X₃). A comparison between the calculated and experimental data show that these equations can be usefully employed to predict values in correspondence of the experimental data gaps.     

RuO4-promoted oxidative polycyclization of isoprenoid polyenes. A further insight into the stereochemistry of the process

Further studies on the RuO₄-catalyzed oxidative polycyclization of isoprenoid polyenes have been carried out. The configuration of the tris-THF product from the oxidation of geranylgeranyl acetate has been determined by a combination of spectral and chemical correlation methods. The oxidation of (E,Z)-farnesyl acetate, synthesized from nerol, has been carried out. This process stops at the first cyclization indicating that an E configuration of the Δ⁶ double bond is needed for the second cyclization to occur. The results are discussed in comparison with previous knowledge on the related Re(VII) polycyclization of polyenic bis-homoallylic alcohols.