超软X射线流气式正比计数管

介绍了一种用于测量183～933eV超软X射线的圆柱形、侧窗式、流气式正比计数管,工作气体是0.11MPa的P-10气体或氦气-丙烷混合气体。计数管内径为φ25mm,直径为φ0.3mm的入射窗是由厚度80～90μgcm~2聚乙烯甲醛制成的。该计数管的特点:(1)薄窗,对软X射线透过率高。(2)流气式,工作寿命长。(3)能量分辨率好。(4)计数率高(1×10~(14)个/s)。(5)可测能区宽(0.183～10keV)。(6)可以方便更换窗膜材料、厚度及窗口直径。近几年来该计数管已经为高强度低能X光源提供较好监测。     

On the ordering in [(C2H5)4N]2CuCl4 crystal: an X-ray study and theoretical considerations

The crystal structure [(C₂H₅)₄N]₂CuCl₄ has been determined by X-ray diffraction at 243K. The room temperature phase (phase I) belongs to the space group P4₂/nm [1] whereas the low temperature phase (phase II) is orthorhombic and belongs to the space group Pnna. The phase transition at T_c=258K is of improper ferroelastic type and it is associated with the ordering of the CuCl₄ ^2? and a partial ordering of the [(C₂H₅)₄N]⁺ ions which are disordered in the high temperature tetragonal phase. At lower temperature, there occurs another instability which could correspond to a complete ordering in the crystal.     

NATA: 50 years experience with accreditation

 Laboratory accreditation is becoming increasingly accepted around the world as a means of identifying technically competent laboratories. It is also being used as a mechanism for the acceptance of test data both nationally and internationally. The concept and mechanisms of accreditation have been developed over the past 50 years. The first national laboratory accreditation system appeared in Australia in 1947. This organisation, known as the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), has since taken a leading role in developing accreditation practices that are now used world-wide in evaluating testing, measurement and calibration laboratories. This paper examines the development of the world's first and largest laboratory accreditation system, and looks at the difficulties and triumphs in gaining acceptance and recognition by government and industry of the benefits of laboratory accreditation. Received: 24 June 1996 Accepted: 25 June 1996     

Exchange interactions of excitons localized at opposite interfaces in type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices: Optically detected magnetic resonance and level anticrossing

Two types of excitons, localized at opposite interfaces and characterized by different magnitudes of the exchange interactions at the same radiation energies, are simultaneously in type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices. It is shown that the additional long-wavelength luminescence line in superlattices grown with growth interruptions after the GaAs layers is due to the recombination of an exciton localized at an inverted interface in regions where the quantum-well width is increased by one monolayer. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 64, No. 10, 701–706 (25 November 1996)     

Coulomb blockade electrometer with a high-T c island

We report on a successful attempt to fabricate a Coulomb blockade electrometer consisting of an ultrasmall YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ (YBCO) island coupled to two gold electrodes through a high-resistance native surface tunnel barrier. A third electrode placed near the island was used as an electrostatic gate. Spectra typical for tunneling into the YBCO superconductor were reproducibly measured. At temperatures below 0.5 K the low-bias conductance was suppressed by the Coulomb blockade. The blockade could be periodically varied by the gate potential. An external magnetic field of up to 5 T strongly influenced the transport via the island but without any change in the period of the Coulomb oscillations. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 2, 112–117 (25 January 1996) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Sandwich plates-free vibrations and damping analysis

A new analytical approach to the optimization analysis of stacking sequences of sandwich plate faces is presented. FRP faces are assumed to be constructed of 0₂°, 90₂°, and ±45° plies. A new set of design variables was succesfully used for the optimization analysis of natural flexural vibrations and modal loss factor of sandwich plates with FRP faces. In addition, the influence of the core thickness on optimization solutions was studied. Three variants of plate theories were considered, namely those of Love-Kirchhoff and first- and higher-order transverse shear deformation. To verify the results of the models proposed, the values of the natural vibrations were compared with the results obtained using the NISA II FEM package.Submitted to the 10th International Conference on Mechanics of Composite Materials, April 20–23, 1998, Riga, Latvia.Institute of Mechanics and Machine Design, Cracow University of Technology, 31–155, Cracow, Poland. Published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 276–286, March–April, 1998.