Behavior of the intensity of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere and large-scale electric fields

The behavior of the intensity of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere is compared. The previous hypothesis, according to which the lowest energy galactic cosmic rays affected by large-scale electric fields far beyond the termination shock wave of the solar wind may contribute to the behavior of the anomalous component intensity, is analyzed.     

Electron spin resonance study of γ-irradiated poly(acrylic acid)

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) γ-irradiated in air at room temperature and recorded at room temperature and at liquid-nitrogen temperature have been studied to identify the radiation products. The ESR spectra are composed of eight lines with hyperfine splittings of 23 ± 1 G and 11 ± 1 G. The method of least-squares total curve fitting, employing the Lorentzian line shape function, to the observed spectra enabled the assignment of the spectra. Computed spectra obtained by the superposition of a singlet and the spectra due to chain radicals are considered to give the best fits to the observed ESR spectra. The singlet is assigned to the radicals COOH, and the component 10-line spectra are assigned to the chain radicals CH₃? CH? CH₂ ～ and/or ～ CH₂? CH? CH₂ ～. The observed change in line shape with temperature of the ESR spectra is attributed to the hindered oscillations of the methyl groups about the C_α? C_β bond axis of the chain radicals. The existence of the methyl groups is confirmed by the measurement of infrared absorption.     

Catalysis by Ir(III), Rh(III) and Pd(II) metal ions in the oxidation of organic compounds with H2O2

Catalytic activities of three transition metals, as iridium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) chloride and palladium (II) chloride, were compared in the oxidation of six aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, p‐chloro benzaldehyde, p‐nitro benzaldehyde, m‐nitro benzaldehyde, p‐methoxy benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde), two hydrocarbons (viz. (anthracene and phenanthrene)) and one aromatic and one cyclic alcohol (cyclohexanol and benzyl alcohol) by 50% H₂O₂. The presence of traces (substrate: catalyst ratio equal to 1:62500 to 1:1961) of the chlorides of iridium(III), rhodium(III) and palladium(II) catalyze these oxidations, resulting in good to excellent yields. It was observed that in most of the cases palladium(II) chloride is the most efficient catalyst. Conditions for the highest and most economical yields were obtained. Deviation from the optimum conditions decreases the yields. Oxidation in aromatic aldehydes is selective at the aldehydeic group only and other groups remain unaffected. This new, simple and economical method, which is environmentally safe, also requires less time. Reactive species of catalysts, existing in the reaction mixture are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

圆形区域内香枞芽虫的分布模型

本文讨论圆形区域内芽虫分布模型,特别研究了芽虫与天敌接触时产生与避免outbreak状态的可能性。     

Cyclotron resonance for electrons over helium in a resonator

The cyclotron resonance (CR) problem for electrons over a helium film occupying the lower part of a resonator is solved. This problem is shown to represent an example of the well-known problem on the behavior of a system of coupled oscillators. For such oscillators, the coupling constant is determined as a function of the problem parameters with its minimal value in zero magnetic field and its maximal value at resonance conditions, when the cyclotron frequency coincides with one of the resonator modes. The details of the CR absorption of microwave energy by the coupled system formed by 2D electrons and a resonator are calculated. The results are discussed in application to the known CR experiments with electrons over helium.     

Absorption and emission dynamics in concentrated optical ensembles under laser excitation

A new theoretical model describing the emission and absorption dynamics in an ensemble of molecules under intense coherent pulsed pumping is developed on the basis of the concepts of cooperative light-induced luminescence (CLIL). The CLIL development is described within the framework of formalism of the system density matrix in the space of photon wave functions. It is shown that the fast growth of CLIL relates to the development of coherent states of the quantum field in the area of efficient cooperative interactions of molecules (coherence volume). A system of equations for the calculation of CLIL energy, population of excited states, and optical absorption of the system in dependence on the laser pump energy density is solved. The theoretical results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Cusp catastrophe in slowly varying equilibriums

Solutions of the equations v _x+v ³?tv+x=0 and v _xx=v ³? tv+x, which describe the nucleation of domain walls occurring in the neighborhood of cusps of slowly varying equilibriums, are analyzed. Examples related to the diffusion in smoothly inhomogeneous media are considered.