A powerful route minimization heuristic for the vehicle routing problem with time windows

We suggest an efficient route minimization heuristic for the vehicle routing problem with time windows. The heuristic is based on the ejection pool, powerful insertion and guided local search strategies. Experimental results on the Gehring and Homberger’s benchmarks demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms previous approaches and found 18 new best-known solutions.     

Electron ionization mass spectra of phosphorus-containing heterocycles. II. 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydro-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphinine 2-oxides

The electron ionization mass spectra of cis- and trans-fused 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydro-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphinine 2-oxides (1-17) were recorded, and the fragmentation pathways were established and compared with those of 1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-2H-3,1,2-benzoxazaphosphinine 2-oxides. In general, the mass spectral behaviors of the isomeric compounds were very similar and it was mostly impossible to differentiate them from each other on the basis of the relative abundances of their characteristic fragment ions. The compounds in which R(2) = Ph or OPh exhibited a series of common fragments, e.g. [R(2)H](+), R(2)PONHR(1(3)+), [M-C(3)H(7)](+) and [M-C(4)H(9)](+), the latter two ions being present in the spectra of only two of the derivatives with an N(CH(2)CH(2)Cl)(2) substituent on the P atom. When R(2) = Ph, numerous other alkyl radicals, alkenes and a cycloalkane were also ejected and these compounds also lost NH(2), NH(3), CH(3)N, CH(4)N or CH(3)NH(2). The compounds with an N(CH(2)CH(2)Cl)(2) substituent on the P atom most closely resembled their 3,1,2-O,N,P analogs in respect of the dominant role of this substituent.     

Electron ionization mass spectra of 8‐aryl‐3,4‐dioxo‐2H,8H‐6,7‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazines. Do they exhibit tautomerism in the gas phase?

The electron ionization mass spectra of the title compounds (1: a R = H, b 2-CH(3), c 4-CH(3), d 2,3-diMe, e 2-OCH(3), f 4-OCH(3), g 2-Cl, h 3-Cl, i 4-Cl, j 3,4-diCl) were recorded at 70 eV to determine the effects of substituents and the possible keto-enol tautomerism. The compounds showed several common fragment ions but also fragment ions which divided them into three classes, namely 1a-1d (parent compound and Me-substituted derivatives), 1e and 1f (MeO-substituted derivatives), and 1g-1j (Cl-substituted derivatives). The presence of the HOCN(+.) ion as well as the exponential dependence of its total ion current in the case of p- and also 3-Cl-substituted compounds (1a, c, f, h-j) on the Hammett sigma constants and the loss of CHO or one or two HOCN moieties can be somewhat easier explained by the presence of the enol form but as a whole the results support the predominance of the keto form, in parallel to the situation in solution.     

Synthesis and mass spectral study of new phenylsulfonyl substituted isoxazolidines

Ten 2,3‐disubstituted 4‐phenylsulfonyl isoxazolidines ( 3a‐j ) were prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of substituted nitrones ( 1a‐j ) with phenyl vinyl sulfone ( 2 ). The reaction products were identified by means of IR, NMR, and MS data. In addition, the factors influencing on the electron ionization induced mass spectral fragmentation of the title products are discussed in detail.     

Tapered plasmonic waveguides with efficient and broadband field transmission

In this paper we suggest, numerically simulate and discuss a tapered plasmonic nanostructure which allows efficient transmission of the wave beam energy into a weakly subwavelength (λ/4 … λ/2) spatial region within a broad frequency range. The frequency stable location of this region becomes possible due to unusual plasmonic modes we have theoretically revealed and used. Our structure is promising for prospective transducers between conventional optical waveguides and subwavelength nanoguides or nanocircuits.     

Quenched Normal Approximation for Random Sequences of Transformations

Journal of Statistical Physics - The study and analysis of real-world social, communication, information and citation networks for understanding their structure and identifying interesting patterns...     

Sobolev Spaces with Zero Boundary Values on Metric Spaces

We generalize the definition of the first order Sobolev spaces with zero boundary values to an arbitrary metric space endowed with a Borel regular measure. We show that many classical results extend to the metric setting. These include completeness, lattice properties and removable sets.