(∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy subnear-rings and (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy ideals of near-rings

In this paper, we introduce the notions of (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy subnear-ring, (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy ideal and (∈, ∈∨q)-fuzzy quasi-ideal of near-rings and find more generalized concepts than those introduced by others. The characterization of such (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals are also obtained.     

Foreword

Transport in Porous Media -     

Concerted and stepwise proton-coupled electron transfers in aquo/hydroxo complex couples in water: oxidative electrochemistry of [Os(II)(bpy)(2)(py)(OH(2))](2+)

Successive oxidation of transition metal(II) aqua complexes (M(II)OH(2) to M(III)OH) is a domain in which proton-coupled electron transfer reactions are extremely common. The mechanism of these PCET reactions-concerted or stepwise-is an important issue in the understanding and design of natural or artificial systems catalyzing the formation of dioxygen by four-electron oxidation of water. Concerted proton-coupled electron transfer from an aqua metal(II) to a hydroxo metal(III) complex requires the close proximity of a proton-accepting group with a pK value between those of the aqua complexes. Otherwise, stepwise electron-proton or proton-electron pathways involving high-energy intermediates are followed. Concerted proton-electron pathways involving water as proton-acceptor or proton-donor group are inefficient. Cyclic voltammetry of the title complex in buffered aqueous solution and re-examination of previous results for the same complex attached to an electrode surface are used to establish these conclusions, which provide a starting point on the route to higher degrees of oxidation, such as those involved in the catalysis of water oxidation.     

Iron-catalyzed olefin cis-dihydroxylation using a bio-inspired N,N,O-ligand

Nature has evolved enzymes that carry out the cis-dihydroxylation of C=C bonds in the biodegradation of arenes in the environment. These enzymes, called Rieske dioxygenases, have mononuclear iron centers coordinated to a 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad motif that has emerged as a common structural element among many nonheme iron enzymes. In contrast, olefin cis-dihydroxylation is conveniently carried out by OsO4 and related species in synthetic procedures. To develop more environmentally benign strategies for carrying out these transformations, we have designed Ph-DPAH [(di-(2-pyridyl)methyl)benzamide], a tridentate ligand that mimics the facial N,N,O site of the mononuclear iron center in the Rieske dioxygenases. Its iron(II) complex has been found to catalyze olefin cis-dihydroxylation almost exclusively and with high H2O2 conversion efficiency on a wide range of substrates. and 18O labeling experiments suggest the participation of an FeV oxidant.     

Long-range alignment of gold nanorods in electrospun polymer nano/microfibers

In this study, a scalable fabrication technique for controlling and maintaining the nanoscale orientation of gold nanorods (GNRs) with long-range macroscale order has been achieved through electrospinning. The volume fraction of GNRs with an average aspect ratio of 3.1 is varied from 0.006 to 0.045 in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) solutions to generate electrospun fibers possessing different GNR concentrations and measuring 40-3000 nm in diameter. The GNRs within these fibers exhibit excellent alignment with their longitudinal axis parallel to the fiber axis n. According to microscopy analysis, the average deviant angle between the GNR axis and n increases modestly from 3.8 to 13.3° as the fiber diameter increases. Complementary electron diffraction measurements confirm preferred orientation of the {100} GNR planes. Optical absorbance spectroscopy measurements reveal that the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance bands of the aligned GNRs depend on the polarization angle and that maximum extinction occurs when the polarization is parallel to n.     

Investigation of structural and electronic properties of β- HgS: Molecular dynamics simulations

The pressure induced phase transition of β-HgS is studied using an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. The structural phase transformation from the zinc-blende structure to the NaCl-type structure (space group $Fm\overline{3}m$) and from this structure to CsCl-type structure ($Pm\overline{3}m$) with the application of hydrostatic pressure is predicted. Additionally, the electronic properties of HgS and various physical properties such as the lattice constants, the bulk modulus and the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus are revealed. Furthermore, these phase transitions are obtained using the total energy and enthalpy calculations. According to these calculations these transformations are occurring at about 20?GPa and 28?GPa for $F\overline{4}3m$ →$Fm\overline{3}m$ and $Fm\overline{3}m$ →$Pm\overline{3}m$, respectively.     

Mixing with first-order decay in variable-velocity porous media flow

The transport and mixing of solutes undergoing first-order decay is central to many problems in groundwater hydrology. Mixing in porous media flow occurs due to advective dilution, hydrodynamic dispersion, and molecular diffusion. Mixing is stronger in regions of higher velocity, and weaker in slower-moving regions. Two-dimensional numerical experiments show that concentration profiles normal to the flow direction are displaced toward regions of slower flow in a flow field with a velocity gradient. Variable-velocity flow fields occur in subsurface flow around permeability heterogeneities, between recirculation cells, and in flow driven by natural convection. We examine two-dimensional solute concentration fields rather than breakthrough curves since for many complicated flow patterns, the breakthrough curve cannot discern important details of the concentration field. For the case of a species undergoing first-order decay, the effect of parent accumulation in regions of low velocity is enhanced for the daughter species because (i) the rate of daughter production is proportional to the local concentration of parent, and (ii) mixing is proportional to the local velocity. The resulting displacement of concentration profiles toward low-velocity regions may have important consequences for subsurface radionuclide transport and also for flows in chemically reactive systems and strongly coupled systems.Nomenclature d daughter component - d, ^(k) molecular diffusivity m² s^-1 - D dispersion coefficient m² s^-1 - dispersion tensor m²s^-1 - g acceleration of gravity vector m s^-2 - F Darcy flux vector kg m² s^-1 - identity matrix - k permeability m² - Kd distribution coefficient m³ kg^-1 - M mass accumulation term kg m^-3 - MW molecular weight kg mol^-1 - n outward unit normal vector - NK number of mass components (species) - p parent component - P total pressure Pa - q source term kg m^-3 s^-1 - R retardation factor - t time s, years - t _1/2 half-life s, years - u Darcy velocity in Y-direction m s^-1 - u Darcy velocity vector m s^-1 - v pore velocity m s^-1 - V volume m³ - X mass fraction - Y Y-coordinate - Z Z-coordinate (positive upward) - intrinsic dispersivity m - x distance interval m - surface area m² - decay constant s^-1 - dynamic viscosity kg m^-1 s^-1 - Ø porosity - fluid density kg m^-3 - tortuosity factor - d dispersion - L longitudinal - 0 reference value - T transverse - k mass component index     

Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products: A Systemic Review

The traditional Cannabis plant as a medicinal crop has been explored for many thousands of years. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, optimising drying methods and producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years. We systemically analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the drying methods implemented thus far to preserve the quality of bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Different drying techniques have been one of the focal points during the post-harvesting operations, as drying preserves these Cannabis products with increased shelf life. We followed or even highlighted the most popular methods used. Drying methods have advanced from traditional hot air and oven drying methods to microwave-assisted hot air drying or freeze-drying. In this review, traditional and modern drying technologies are reviewed. Each technology will have different pros and cons of its own. Moreover, this review outlines the quality of the Cannabis plant component harvested plays a major role in drying efficiency and preserving the chemical constituents. The emergence of medical Cannabis, and cannabinoid research requires optimal post-harvesting processes for different Cannabis strains. We proposed the most suitable method for drying medicinal Cannabis to produce consistent, reliable and potent medicinal Cannabis. In addition, drying temperature, rate of drying, mode and storage conditions after drying influenced the Cannabis component retention and quality.