Study of the effectiveness of electric vehicle warning sounds depending on the urban environment

Electric and Hybrid Electric vehicles (EV and HEV) seem to be the future of transport in smart cities and the key for the total reduction of noise disturbance and pollution in urban areas. However, several problems have to be solved to guarantee the safety of these types of vehicle. Up to now, the use of HEV has shown the dangers of a “quiet” transport system in urban environments; in fact, it has been estimated that an HEV is twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash as would be an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle in the same situation. With the aim of improving their safety, different kinds of warning sounds are being designed to increase the detectability of EV and HEV without themselves becoming new annoying sound sources. The sound directivity, frequency of emission and intensity of warning sound systems will guarantee their efficiency and limited noise impact.     

Nouvelle méthode de dosage automatique de substances oxydantes ou réductrices par potentiométrie différen-tielle: Partie III: Application à l'analyse en flux continu (lac-tose par cérimétrie)

The development of an automatic analyzer for the measurement of redox systems by differential potentiometry in continuous flow is described. Variations in several instrumental parameters were studied. The analyzer was applied to the determination of a carbohydrate (lactose) with cerium(IV) solution, first in distilled water and then in milk. The results obtained in examining the influence of different experimental conditions, and the linearity, sensitivity and the specificity of the method, confirmed the previous results obtained manually. However. cerium(IV) proved to be too strong an oxidant for the measurement of lactose in milk. Cerium(IV) increased the sensitivity of the method, but was insufficiently selective: neither dialysis nor precipitation with trichloracetic acid eliminated quantitatively all interferences. even at low temperatures. Milder oxidants are necessary.     

Inclusive π4He scattering and the πN interaction in the nuclear medium

Double differential cross sections for the inclusive reaction ⁴He(π, π′)X have been measured for six pion energies between 90 and 320 MeV and an angular range from 30° to 135°. The data are interpreted in terms of the Δ-hole formalism. Medium corrections to the free π-nucleon scattering operator are important for a quantitative understanding of our results. Total inelastic cross sections are obtained and estimates for the absorption cross section are given.     

Accurate determination of the 13C-12C+n spectroscopic factor

We have measured ¹²C-¹³C elastic cross sections at 12 MeV between 40°–140° in 1° steps to ±1%. The observed oscillatory interference between Coulomb scattering and the neutron transfer process is analyzed using exact finite-range DWBA, and a model-independent value of C² = 2.55±0.10 for the asymptotic normalization of the $\text{1}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ neutron wave function in ¹³C is obtained. Using radial wave functions determined by elastic electron scattering the spectroscopic factor is found to be S = 0.81±0.04.     

Enantioselective intramolecular α-amidoalkylation reaction in the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines

BINOL-derived chiral Brønsted acids are capable of carrying out the intramolecular α-amidoalkylation of a tertiary N-acyliminium ions when a methoxylated benzene ring is used as internal π nucleophile. The reaction can be applied to the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and use of the sterically congested acid 3e is determinant to obtain good levels of enantioselection.