全文获取类型
收费全文 | 220920篇 |
免费 | 2979篇 |
国内免费 | 1321篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 122965篇 |
晶体学 | 3230篇 |
力学 | 8890篇 |
综合类 | 61篇 |
数学 | 24380篇 |
物理学 | 65694篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 1759篇 |
2019年 | 1904篇 |
2018年 | 2486篇 |
2017年 | 2534篇 |
2016年 | 3652篇 |
2015年 | 2433篇 |
2014年 | 3544篇 |
2013年 | 8890篇 |
2012年 | 7704篇 |
2011年 | 9417篇 |
2010年 | 6662篇 |
2009年 | 6463篇 |
2008年 | 8819篇 |
2007年 | 8933篇 |
2006年 | 8405篇 |
2005年 | 7717篇 |
2004年 | 6884篇 |
2003年 | 6064篇 |
2002年 | 5993篇 |
2001年 | 6705篇 |
2000年 | 5070篇 |
1999年 | 3670篇 |
1998年 | 3040篇 |
1997年 | 3011篇 |
1996年 | 3014篇 |
1995年 | 2619篇 |
1994年 | 2718篇 |
1993年 | 2581篇 |
1992年 | 2829篇 |
1991年 | 2895篇 |
1990年 | 2703篇 |
1989年 | 2617篇 |
1988年 | 2557篇 |
1987年 | 2497篇 |
1986年 | 2520篇 |
1985年 | 3300篇 |
1984年 | 3359篇 |
1983年 | 2804篇 |
1982年 | 3047篇 |
1981年 | 2811篇 |
1980年 | 2607篇 |
1979年 | 2790篇 |
1978年 | 2996篇 |
1977年 | 3032篇 |
1976年 | 3059篇 |
1975年 | 2793篇 |
1974年 | 2906篇 |
1973年 | 2956篇 |
1972年 | 2318篇 |
1971年 | 1845篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
22.
23.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Rearrangement of 2‐Oxoazepane α,α‐Amino Acids into 2′‐Oxopiperidine β2,3,3‐Amino Acids: An Example of Intramolecular Catalysis 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Diego Núñez‐Villanueva Dr. M. Ángeles Bonache Laura Lozano Dr. Lourdes Infantes Prof. José Elguero Prof. Ibon Alkorta Prof. M. Teresa García‐López Dr. Rosario González‐Muñiz Dr. Mercedes Martín‐Martínez 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(6):2489-2500
Enantiopure β‐amino acids represent interesting scaffolds for peptidomimetics, foldamers and bioactive compounds. However, the synthesis of highly substituted analogues is still a major challenge. Herein, we describe the spontaneous rearrangement of 4‐carboxy‐2‐oxoazepane α,α‐amino acids to lead to 2′‐oxopiperidine‐containing β2,3,3‐amino acids, upon basic or acid hydrolysis of the 2‐oxoazepane α,α‐amino acid ester. Under acidic conditions, a totally stereoselective synthetic route has been developed. The reordering process involved the spontaneous breakdown of an amide bond, which typically requires strong conditions, and the formation of a new bond leading to the six‐membered heterocycle. A quantum mechanical study was carried out to obtain insight into the remarkable ease of this rearrangement, which occurs at room temperature, either in solution or upon storage of the 4‐carboxylic acid substituted 2‐oxoazepane derivatives. This theoretical study suggests that the rearrangement process occurs through a concerted mechanism, in which the energy of the transition states can be lowered by the participation of a catalytic water molecule. Interestingly, it also suggested a role for the carboxylic acid at position 4 of the 2‐oxoazepane ring, which facilitates this rearrangement, participating directly in the intramolecular catalysis. 相似文献
24.
Su X. F. Zhang Y. L. Maximov A. L. Zhang K. Xin Q. Feng C. Q. Bai X. F. Wu W. 《Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry》2020,93(1):127-136
Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Nanoscale ZSM-5 (AlZ5-D) and Ga-substituted ZSM-5 zeolites ((Al,Ga)Z5-D and GaZ5-D) were synthesized by a green dry-gel conversion strategy. For comparison,... 相似文献
25.
We consider conformal gravity as a gauge natural theory. We study its conservation laws and superpotentials. We also consider the Mannheim and Kazanas spherically symmetric vacuum solution and discuss conserved quantities associated to conformal and diffeomorphism symmetries. 相似文献
26.
27.
28.
29.
M. Kroon E. Andreasson E. Persson Jutemar V. Petersson L. Persson M. Dorn P.A.T. Olsson 《Experimental Mechanics》2018,58(1):75-86
Injection-moulding is one of the most common manufacturing processes used for polymers. In many applications, the mechanical properties of the product is of great importance. Injection-moulding of thin-walled polymer products tends to leave the polymer structure in a state where the mechanical properties are anisotropic, due to alignment of polymer chains along the melt flow direction. The anisotropic elastic-viscoplastic properties of low-density polyethylene, that has undergone an injection-moulding process, are therefore examined in the present work. Test specimens were punched out from injection-moulded plates and tested in uniaxial tension. Three in-plane material directions were investigated. Because of the small thickness of the plates, only the in-plane properties could be determined. Tensile tests with both monotonic and cyclic loading were performed, and the local strains on the surface of the test specimens were measured using image analysis. True stress vs. true strain diagrams were constructed, and the material response was evaluated using an elastic-viscoplasticity law. The components of the anisotropic compliance matrix were determined together with the direction-specific plastic hardening parameters. 相似文献
30.
Indermeet Kohli Taylor L. Braunberger Amanda F. Nahhas Fatima N. Mirza Mohsen Mokhtari Alexis B. Lyons Nikiforos Kollias Eduardo Ruvolo Henry W. Lim Iltefat H. Hamzavi 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2020,96(1):208-214
Human skin is exposed to visible light (VL; 400–700 nm) and long-wavelength ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) radiation (370–400 nm) after the application of organic broad-spectrum sunscreens. The biologic effects of these wavelengths have been demonstrated; however, a dose–response has not been investigated. Ten subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV-VI were enrolled. Subjects were irradiated with 2 light sources (80–480 J cm−2): one comprising VL with less than 0.5% UVA1 (VL+UVA1) and the other pure VL. Skin responses were evaluated for 2 weeks using clinical and spectroscopic assessments. 4-mm punch biopsies were obtained from nonirradiated skin and sites irradiated with 480 J cm−2 of VL+UVA1 and pure VL 24 h after irradiation. Clinical and spectroscopic assessments demonstrated a robust response at VL+UVA1 sites compared with pure VL. Histology findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the marker of inflammation (P < 0.05) and proliferation (P < 0.05) at the irradiated sites compared with nonirradiated control. Threshold doses of VL+UVA1 resulting in biologic responses were calculated. Results indicate that approximately 2 h of sun exposure, which equates to VL+UVA1 dose (~400 J cm−2), is capable of inducing inflammation, immediate erythema and delayed tanning. These findings reinforce the need of photoprotection beyond the UV range. 相似文献