全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1501篇 |
免费 | 72篇 |
国内免费 | 16篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1104篇 |
晶体学 | 5篇 |
力学 | 44篇 |
数学 | 177篇 |
物理学 | 259篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 107篇 |
2021年 | 103篇 |
2020年 | 64篇 |
2019年 | 63篇 |
2018年 | 39篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 97篇 |
2015年 | 48篇 |
2014年 | 56篇 |
2013年 | 143篇 |
2012年 | 105篇 |
2011年 | 83篇 |
2010年 | 69篇 |
2009年 | 47篇 |
2008年 | 56篇 |
2007年 | 59篇 |
2006年 | 50篇 |
2005年 | 47篇 |
2004年 | 36篇 |
2003年 | 34篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1938年 | 3篇 |
1917年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1589条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Ronald E. Banks Ismail M. Farhat Roy Fields Robin G. Pritchard Mohamad M. Saleh 《Journal of fluorine chemistry》1985,28(3):325-340
The nitrosoarenes ArNO (Ar = C6H5, 2-MeC6H4, 2,4,6- Me3C6H2 and C6F5) have been condensed with 4-(dichloroamino)- tetrafluoropyridine to provide the azoxy-compounds pyFN()Ar (pyF = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-pyridyl); de-oxygenation of the first three with triphenylphosphine or triethyl phosphite gave the corresponding azo-compounds, and the reverse reaction was achieved in the case of pyFNNC6H2Me3-2,4,6 using peroxytrifluoroacetic acid. Thermolysis of 4-azidotetrafluoropyridine in the presence of pentafluoronitrosobenzene provided the perfluorinated azoxy-compound pyFN()C6F5. X-Ray methods have been used to determine the molecular geometry of pyFN()C6H2Me3-2,4,6. 相似文献
32.
Nur Erdem 《Analytica chimica acta》2004,505(1):59-65
The interferences between arsenic and antimony on each other during the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) determination of arsenic and antimony using a quartz tube atomizer (QTA) were examined. In order to eliminate or reduce such interferences by selective heat decomposition of arsine and stibine, a Pyrex adsorption U-tube trap containing glass wool was placed between the drying tube and the quartz tube atomizer. Although at 250 °C stibine decomposes and is held almost completely by the trap, arsine is also decomposed to an extent of 24% and, therefore, thermal decomposition is not useful to eliminate antimony interference on arsenic determination. The effect of coating the glass wool in the U-tube with antimony on the arsenic suppression of the antimony signal was studied. The results showed that the antimony coating in the U-tube could not hold arsenic effectively and its interference on the antimony signal could not be eliminated by this means. In the second part of the study, oxygen was supplied to the quartz tube atomizer during atomization in order to study the effect of supplying oxygen on the antimony signal and on the interference of arsenic in the antimony determination. Sensitivity was increased in the presence of oxygen and interferences of arsenic on antimony determination was decreased by about 10% when oxygen was supplied. It was also observed that the extent of interferences depended mainly on the interferent concentration rather than the analyte concentration. 相似文献
33.
J. Wilson Quail Nargis Ismail M. Soledade C. Pedras Susan M. Boyetchko 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2002,58(5):o268-o271
The crystal structures of pseudophomins A and B, with primary structures β‐hydroxydecanoyl–l ‐Leu–d ‐Glu–d ‐allo‐Thr–d ‐Ile–d ‐Leu–d ‐Ser–l ‐Leu–d ‐Ser–l ‐Ile monohydrate, C55H97N9O16·H2O, and β‐hydroxydodecanoyl–l ‐Leu–d ‐Glu–d ‐allo‐Thr–d ‐Ile–d ‐Leu–d ‐Ser–l ‐Leu–d ‐Ser–l ‐Ile monohydrate, C57H101N9O16·H2O, new cyclic lipodepsipeptides isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain BRG100, have been solved. The absolute configuration of pseudophomin A has been determined from anomalous dispersion and the stereochemistry of the β‐hydroxy acid group is R. 相似文献
34.
Pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) for alkaline hydrolysis of 4-nitrophthalimide show a monotonic decrease with increase in [C12E23]T (total concentration of Brij 35) at constant [CH3CN] and [NaOH]. This micellar effect is explained in terms of a pseudophase micelle model. The rate of hydrolysis becomes too slow to monitor at [C12E23]T≥0.03 M in the absence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) and at [C12E23]T≥0.04 M in the presence of 0.006–0.02 M CTABr at 0.01 M NaOH. The plots of kobs versus [C12E23]T show minima at 0.006 and 0.01 M CTABr, while such a minimum is not visible at 0.02 M CTABr. 相似文献
35.
36.
AbdElAziz A. Nayl Ashraf A. Aly Wael A. A. Arafa Ismail M. Ahmed Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid Esmail M. El-Fakharany Mohamed A. Abdelgawad Hendawy N. Tawfeek Stefan Brse 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(12)
In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C−H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides. 相似文献
37.
Nada Basheir Ali Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Der Jiun Ooi Kim Wei Chan Norsharina Ismail Jhi Biau Foo 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(12)
The way cells communicate is not fully understood. However, it is well-known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved. Researchers initially thought that EVs were used by cells to remove cellular waste. It is now clear that EVs function as signaling molecules released by cells to communicate with one another, carrying a cargo representing the mother cell. Furthermore, these EVs can be found in all biological fluids, making them the perfect non-invasive diagnostic tool, as their cargo causes functional changes in the cells upon receiving, unlike synthetic drug carriers. EVs last longer in circulation and instigate minor immune responses, making them the perfect drug carrier. This review sheds light on the latest development in EVs isolation, characterization and, application as therapeutic cargo, novel drug loading techniques, and diagnostic tools. We also address the advancement in plant-derived EVs, their characteristics, and applications; since plant-derived EVs only recently gained focus, we listed the latest findings. Although there is much more to learn about, EV is a wide field of research; what scientists have discovered so far is fascinating. This paper is suitable for those new to the field seeking to understand EVs and those already familiar with it but wanting to review the latest findings. 相似文献
38.
Rabab M. Amer Amira Kamel Eltokhy Rasha Osama Elesawy Amany Nagy Barakat Eman Basha Omnia Safwat Eldeeb Alshimaa Aboalsoud Nancy Mohamed Elgharabawy Radwa Ismail 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(12)
Introduction. Vigabatrin (VGB) is an antiepileptic drug that acts to irreversibly inhibit the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase enzyme, elevating GABA levels. Broad studies have established that long-term treatment and/or high doses of VGB lead to variable visual defects. However, little attention has been paid to its other side effects, especially those demonstrating cerebellar involvement. Sodium glucose-linked co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents with protective effects far greater than expected based on their anti-hyperglycemic effect. Method. Our study herein was designed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of empagliflozin, the SGLT2 inhibitors, in VGB-induced cerebellar toxicity. A total of 40 male Wistar rats were allocated equally into 4 groups: Group I: control group; Group II: VGB group; Group III empagliflozin treated VGB group; and Group IV: empagliflozin treated group. All groups were subjected to the detection of cerebellar messenger RNA gene expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and Nucleoporin p62 (P62). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and beclin1 levels were assessed by the ELISA technique while malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected spectrophotometrically. Immuno-histochemical studies, focusing on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 were performed, and the optical color density and the mean area percentage of GFAP positive astrocytes and the number of S 100 positive cells were also counted. Results. Following empagliflozin treatment, we documented significant upregulation of both SIRT1 and P62 mRNA gene expression. Additionally, AMPK, Beclin1 levels, and SOD activity were significantly improved, while both mTOR and MDA levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions. We concluded for the first time that empagliflozin efficiently ameliorated the VGB-induced disrupted mTOR/AMPK/SIRT-1 signaling axis with subsequent improvement of the autophagy machinery and mitigation of the oxidative and inflammatory cellular environment, paving the way for an innovative therapeutic potential in managing VGB-induced neurotoxicity. 相似文献
39.
Moniba Sajid Muhammad Rashid Khan Muhammad Umar Ijaz Hammad Ismail Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti Sayed Afzal Shah Saima Ali Muhammad Usman Tareen Saqer S. Alotaibi Sarah M. Albogami Gaber El-Saber Batiha 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(14)
In the current study, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Alnus nitida (leaves and fruits) was evaluated in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Traditionally, A. nitida was used for the treatment of inflammatory ailments. However, A. nitida leaves and fruits have not been yet reported regarding any potential medicinal effects. Leaves/fruits of A. nitida were extracted with methanol and fractionated to attain n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. These extracts were then evaluated for in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. For in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema assay, Freunds’ complete adjuvant-induced edema, xylene-induced ear edema and histamine-induced paw edema models were used in rats, which showed significant (p < 0.01) reduction (70–80%) in edema in comparison of inflammatory controls. On other hand, for the analgesic assessment, hot plate assay and acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used, which showed a significant (p < 0.01) rise in latency time (40–60%) as compared with pain-induced controls. These results were comparable with standard drugs in a concentration-dependent manner and no mortality or toxicity was observed during all experiments. Then, for the identification of chemical constituents gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed, which indicated the presence of neophytadiene, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, phytol and vitamin E, justifying the use of A. nitida to treat inflammatory disorders. 相似文献
40.