Reverse current reduction of Ge photodiodes on Si without post-growth annealing

A new approach to reduce the reverse current of Ge pin photodiodes on Si is presented, in which an i-Si layer is inserted between Ge and top Si layers to reduce the electric field in the Ge layer. Without post- growth annealing, the reverse current density is reduced to -10 mA/cm^2 at -1 V, i.e., over one order of magnitude lower than that of the reference photodiode without i-Si layer. However, the responsivity of the photodiodes is not severely compromised. This lowered-reverse-current is explained by band-pinning at the i-Si/i-Ge interface. Barrier lowering mechanism induced by E-field is also discussed. The presented ＂non-thermal＂ approach to reduce reverse current should accelerate electronics-photonics convergence by using Oe on the Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor （CMOS） platform.     

The M/G/1 retrial queue with bernoulli schedule

We consider anM/G/1 retrial queue with infinite waiting space in which arriving customers who find the server busy join either (a) the retrial group with probabilityp in order to seek service again after a random amount of time, or (b) the infinite waiting space with probabilityq(=1–p) where they wait to be served. The joint generating function of the numbers of customers in the two groups is derived by using the supplementary variable method. It is shown that our results are consistent with known results whenp=0 orp=1.     

Effects of Signal Spectrum Bandwidth on Different PMD Compensation Feedback Methods

We compared efficiencies of different PMD compensation feedback methods against transmission signal bandwidth,including NRZ, RZ, CRZ format under various duty cycles. We found that the critical factor determining the efficiency of PMD compensation is not the modulation format, but the spectral bandwidth of the transmission signal.     

Delay-Dependent Criterion for Guaranteed Cost Control of Neutral Delay Systems

In this article, the guaranteed cost control problem for a class of neutral delay systems is investigated. A linear--quadratic cost function is considered as a performance measure for the closed-loop system. Based on the Lyapunov method, delay-dependent criteria, which are expressed in terms of matrix inequalities, are proposed to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the system. The matrix inequalities can be solved easily by various efficient optimization algorithms.     

Ab initio study of the Trinem antibiotic Sanfetrinem GV104326

We present a theoretical calculation of trinem antibiotic sanfetrinem GV104326 and its cis-isomer of proton in β-lactam ring and methoxy inversion isomer. Ab initio Hartree Fock method is employed to calculate the geometry optimization; optimized parameters, bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles of isomers. We also calculated the vibrational frequencies, the IR intensities, the Raman activities and the thermochemical parameters. Mulliken population analysis is used to compare bond strength of an active site. These results are compared with available experimental data and other related theoretical calculations. The calculated IR spectra are in good agreement with experiments. Calculated geometrical and conformational structures of sanfetrinem and its isomers support the previous study of the geometrical requirements for the antibacterial activities. The significance of the rotational conformation of the carboxyl group to chemical reactivities is discussed.