Porphyrin–AuIII complexes, which were partially or totally modified with C6F5 at the meso positions, were synthesized. The highly electron‐withdrawing substituents induced electron‐deficient states and Lewis acid properties. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the ion pairs revealed ion‐pairing assemblies with characteristics dependent on the number and substitution pattern of the C6F5 units and the geometries of the anions. 相似文献
We developed a method for the design of multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings based on a genetic algorithm. The method is used to design the multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings based on input data that represent the output from the required grating. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated by designing a multilevel anisotropic diffraction grating using the outputs from an orthogonal circular polarization grating. The design results corresponded to the orthogonal circular polarization grating structures that were used to provide outputs to act as the input data for the process. Comparison with existing design methods shows that the proposed method can reduce the number of human processes that are required to design multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings. Additionally, the method will be able to design complex structures without any requirement for subsequent examination by a human designer. The method can contribute to the development of optical elements by designing multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings. 相似文献
Near-field photoluminescence (PL) imaging spectroscopy was used to investigate multi-exciton and charged-exciton states confined
in a single GaAs interface fluctuation quantum dot. We determined the origin of peaks in the PL spectra by employing a wavefunction
mapping technique. We observed distortion of the exciton wavefunction due to the electric field produced by an excess electron
at a nearby confined state. Near-field wavefunction mapping was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for visualizing the local
environment, which affects the emission properties of quantum dots. 相似文献
A detailed analysis of three-dimensional vector holograms is presented which were recorded in a photoreactive polymer dissolved
liquid crystal. The diffraction properties of resultant periodic anisotropic structures were investigated. Experimental observations
confirmed that the diffraction efficiencies of the structures varied with slight changes of the grating pitch, and also that
they strongly depended on the incident angle of the probe beam. These diffraction properties were explained by the finite-difference
time-domain optical simulations. 相似文献
New proton-conductive polyamide oligomers, oligomeric poly[(1, 2-propanediamine)-alt-(oxalic acid)], were synthesized to investigate the proton transport properties of bulk and thin films. The obtained oligomers were characterized by the X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectra, 1H NMR, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum, and electrical conductivity measurements. The bulk proton conductivity is 3.0 × 10? 4 S cm? 1 at the relative humidity (RH) of 80%. The proton conductivity of thin film is relatively higher than that of bulk sample. Thickness dependence of the proton conductivity was observed in these thin films. The maximum proton conductivity of the thin film is 4.0 × 10? 3 S cm? 1 at the relative humidity (RH) of 80%, which is higher one order magnitude than that of the bulk sample. The activation energies of bulk and 200 nm thick film are 1.0 and 0.69 eV at the RH of 60%, respectively. 相似文献
In case of reactions, it is a necessary condition that the free energy of formation, ΔfG, of the product is lower than the total free energies of formation of the reactants. The free energy of all reactions and/or all compounds have not been determined in the literature. In this paper, we report the formation, stability, and reactions for all compounds based on their free energies. However, it also seems possible to discuss them based on their lattice energies, because it can be calculated for many compounds if their composition, structure and their lattice parameters are known. Also, we can discuss the formation, stability, etc., for compounds excluding small effects due to temperature and entropy. As a result of the calculations, the lattice energy correlates with the perovskite distortion. 相似文献
Special delivery! Polyionic complex (PIC) micelles that contain the charge‐conversional moieties citaconic amide or cis‐aconitic amide were developed for cytoplasmic protein delivery. The increase of the charge density on the protein cargo helped the stability of the PIC micelles without cross‐linking, and the charge‐conversion in endosomes induced the dissociation of the PIC micelles to result in efficient endosomal release (see picture).
A sensitive and selective chemiluminescence assay for the determination of quinones was developed. The method was based on
generation of reactive oxygen species through the redox reaction between quinone and dithiothreitol as reductant, and then
the generated reactive oxygen was detected by luminol chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescence was intense, long-lived, and
proportional to quinone concentration. It is concluded that superoxide anion was involved in the proposed chemiluminescence
reaction because the chemiluminescence intensity was decreased only in the presence of superoxide dismutase. Among the tested
quinones, the chemiluminescence was observed from 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone, whereas
it was not observed from 9,10-anthraquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone. The chemiluminescence property was greatly different according
to the structure of quinones. The chemiluminescence was also observed for biologically important quinones such as ubiquinone.
Therefore, a simple and rapid assay for ubiquinone in pharmaceutical preparation was developed based on the proposed chemiluminescence
reaction. The detection limit (blank + 3SD) of ubiquinone was 0.05 μM (9 ng/assay) with an analysis time of 30 s per sample.
The developed assay allowed the direct determination of ubiquinone in pharmaceutical preparation without any purification
procedure.
Figure Chemiluminescence generated through the redox cycle of quinone 相似文献
Two novel steroid glycosides, sokodosides A and B (1 and 2, respectively), were isolated from the marine sponge Erylus placenta as growth-inhibitory principles against several strains of yeast and a cancer cell line. Sokodosides possess the novel carbon skeleton as characterized by the presence of a combination of isopropyl side chain and the 4,4-dimethyl steroid nucleus. Sokodoside B has another unique characteristic in the presence of delta(8,14,16) unsaturation. The structures of sokodosides were determined by analysis of spectral data and chemical degradation. The absolute stereochemistry of sokodoside A (1) was determined by the application of the modified Mosher analysis to the aglycon obtained by acid hydrolysis, whereas the absolute stereochemistry of the monosaccharide units in 1 and 2 was determined by chiral GC analyses of the acid hydrolysates. 相似文献
Films of highly oriented alpha-zirconium phosphate and polyaniline-intercalated zirconium phosphate with controllable thickness in the micrometer range were grown anodically on Pt electrodes. To optimize the electrodeposition conditions, the exfoliation of alpha-zirconium phosphate by tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts was investigated in several nonaqueous solvents. Acetonitrile was found to be the best solvent for making crack-free, oriented films because of its high vapor pressure, low viscosity, and relatively high permittivity. With TBA salts of neutral or weakly acidic anions (TBACl, TBABr, TBAI, TBA(HSO4), or TBA(H2PO4)), full exfoliation did not occur and alpha-zirconium phosphate and/or polyaniline were deposited as rough films. With basic anions (TBAF or TBAOH), dense, adherent films were obtained. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films showed that they were highly oriented along the stacking axis. The thickness could be controlled, up to about 40 microm, by limiting the time of the electrodeposition reaction. At monomer concentrations below 1.0 x 10(-2) mol/dm3, the emeraldine form of the intercalated polymer was obtained. Electrodeposition thus provides a thick film alternative to layer-by-layer assembly for intercalation compounds of alpha-zirconium phosphate with a conducting polymer. 相似文献