Equation of Motion of an Electric Charge

The appearance of the time derivative of the acceleration in the equation of motion (EOM) of an electric charge is studied. It is shown that when an electric charge is accelerated, a stress force exists in the curved electric field of the accelerated charge, and in the case of a constant linear acceleration, this force is proportional to the acceleration. This stress force acts as a reaction force which is responsible for the creation of the radiation (instead of the radiation reaction force that actually does not exist at low velocities). Thus the initial acceleration should be supplied as an initial condition for the solution of the EOM of an electric charge.     

Radiation from a Charge Supported in a Gravitational Field

We examine whether a charge supported statically in a gravitational field radiates, and find the answer to this question to be positive. Based on our earlier results we find that the important condition for the creation of radiation is the existence of a relative acceleration between the charge and its electric field, where such an acceleration causes the curving of the electric field and the creation of a stress force due to this curvature. This stress force is the reaction force, which creates the radiation. Later we find that this condition do exist for a charge supported statically in a gravitational field, where the electric field of the charge falls in the gravitational field, it curves, and the stress force raised in this curved field, creates electromagnetic radiation.     

High-definition,single-scan 2D MRI in inhomogeneous fields using spatial encoding methods

An approach has been recently introduced for acquiring two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance images in a single scan, based on the spatial encoding of the spin interactions. This article explores the potential of integrating this spatial encoding together with conventional temporal encoding principles, to produce 2D single-shot images with moderate field of views. The resulting “hybrid” imaging scheme is shown to be superior to traditional schemes in non-homogeneous magnetic field environments. An enhancement of previously discussed pulse sequences is also proposed, whereby distortions affecting the image along the spatially encoded axis are eliminated. This new variant is also characterized by a refocusing of T₂^* effects, leading to a restoration of high-definition images for regions which would otherwise be highly dephased and thus not visible. These single-scan 2D images are characterized by improved signal-to-noise ratios and a genuine T₂ contrast, albeit not free from inhomogeneity distortions. Simple postprocessing algorithms relying on inhomogeneity phase maps of the imaged object can successfully remove most of these residual distortions. Initial results suggest that this acquisition scheme has the potential to overcome strong field inhomogeneities acting over extended acquisition durations, exceeding 100 ms for a single-shot image.     

Relativistic transformations of thermodynamic quantities

A unique solution is proposed to the problem of how thermodynamic processes between thermodynamic systems at relative rest appear to a moving observer. Assuming only transformations for entropy, pressure, and volume and the invariance of the fundamental thermodynamic equation, one can derive transformations for (thermodynamic) energy and temperature. The invariance of the first and second laws entails transformations for work and heat. All thermodynamic relations become Lorentz-invariant. The transformations thus derived are in principle equivalent to those of Einstein and Planck, except that our expressions for energy and work do not include the mass motion energy. This results in a simpler formulation and endows our transformations (especially that of temperature) with a straightforward physical interpretation.     

Spherical symmetric diffusion problem

We introduce a general and versatile MS Windows application for solving the spherically symmetric diffusion problem, involving up to two coupled spherically symmetric Smoluchowski equations. The application is based on a modular, configurable, user-friendly graphical interface, in which input parameters are introduced through a graphical representation of the system of partial differential equations and output attributes can be obtained graphically during propagation. The numerical algorithm consists of finite differencing in space and Chebyshev propagation in time; it includes an implementation of virtual gridding, which enhances the accuracy of calculating boundary conditions and steep potentials. The program has b een checked against a wide collection of analytical solutions and applied to an experimentally open problem in excited-state proton-transfer to solvent. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sylvester–Gallai Theorems for Complex Numbers and Quaternions

A Sylvester-Gallai (SG) configuration is a finite set S of points such that the line through any two points in S contains a third point of S. According to the Sylvester-Gallai theorem, an SG configuration in real projective space must be collinear. A problem of Serre (1966) asks whether an SG configuration in a complex projective space must be coplanar. This was proved by Kelly (1986) using a deep inequality of Hirzebruch. We give an elementary proof of this result, and then extend it to show that an SG configuration in projective space over the quaternions must be contained in a three-dimensional flat.     

A Coaccelerated Observer

We analyze the situation of an observer coaccelerated relative to a linearly accelerated charge, in order to find whether he can observe the radiation emitted from the accelerated charge. It is found that the seemingly special situation of the coaccelerated observer relative to any other observer, is deduced from a wrong use of the retarded coordinate system, when such a system is inadmissible. It is also found that the coaccelerated observer has no special position other than any other observer, and hence, he can observe any physical events as any other observer.     

An analytical approximation for the number of states along the reaction coordinate

A variant of a new empirical method, enables one to express a collinear triatomic potential energy surface as a family of Morse curves along “natural” bond order coordinates orthogonal to the reaction coordinate. The procedure depends on a single adjustable parameter which is related to the barrier's height. Because an analytical expression for the number of vibrational states of a Morse oscillator is available, one has an analytical approximation for the number of states along the reaction coordinate. The extrema in the number of states are utilized in various versions of classical microcanonical variational transition state theory (among which is a new version, which is in better agreement with dynamical results), to estimate the probability of a collinear reactions, as a function of the total energy. The analytical expressions are also used to analyze the origins of the maximum and minima in the number of states.     

Fourth-order magnetic anisotropy and tunnel splittings in Mn(12) from spin-orbit-vibron interactions

From density-functional-theory based methods, we calculate the vibrational spectrum of the Mn(12)O(12)(COOH)(16)(H(2)O)(4) molecular magnet. Calculated infrared intensities are in accord with experimental studies. There have been no ab initio attempts at determining which interactions account for the fourth-order anisotropy. We show that vibrationally induced distortions of the molecule contribute to the fourth-order anisotropy Hamiltonian and that the magnitude and sign of the effect (-6.2 K) is in good agreement with all experiments. Vibrationally induced tunnel splittings in isotopically pure and natural samples are predicted.