SnCl4 and SbCl5 promoted aromatization of enamines

Aromatic amines have been synthesized efficiently from enamines using SnCl₄ and SbCl₅ in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature.     

Aminoalkylation with Aldehydes Mediated by Solid Lithium Perchlorate

Summary. The solid LiClO₄-mediated one-pot reaction of aldehydes with secondary amines and C nucleophiles afforded the corresponding aminoalkylation products in high yields. Unlike the previous reported procedure, the aminoalkylation of aldehyde was achieved in the presence of only 0.5 equivalents of solid lithium perchlorate in dichloromethane as the solvent with good to high yields at room temperature.     

Simultaneous photoconjugation of methylene blue and cis-Rh(phen)2Cl2+ to DNA via a synergistic effect

Irradiation of the red-light absorbing dye, methylene blue (MB), in the presence of the metal complex, cis-Rh(phen)2Cl2+ (BISPHEN), leads to irreversible photobinding of both reagents to DNA. Evidence from absorption and emission spectroscopy indicates that the dye is strongly complexed to the DNA at the concentrations used in the experiments and that this complex is unaffected by the presence of BISPHEN. The level of covalent binding is proportional to the absorbed light dose, with the quantum efficiency for covalent binding of BISPHEN to the DNA with 633 nm light equal to 3.5 x 10(-4). Electrospray ionization mass spectrum of a mixture of DNA fragments created by enzymatic degradation of DNA isolated following irradiation indicates that purine adducts are formed with both BISPHEN and the dye. In addition, UV-Vis and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of the irradiated MB/BISPHEN/DNA mixture and isolated adducts show extensive conversion of the dye and metal complex to the corresponding N-demethylated and aquated derivatives, respectively. Triplet quenchers for MB, for example oxygen and benzoquinone, inhibit both the photoconjugation and the photochemistry of BISPHEN. A mechanism for the synergistic interaction is proposed that involves photoconjugation of both partners to the DNA following oxidation and reduction via electron transfer between 1MB*/DNA and 3MB*/BISPHEN.     

The use of Nafion-H® as an efficient catalyst for the direct conversion of primary and secondary trimethylsilyl ethers to their corresponding ethers under mild and heterogeneous conditions

Primary and secondary trimethylsilyl ethers were converted to their corresponding ethers in the presence Nafion-H® with good to excellent yields under mild and heterogeneous conditions.     

Liquid-liquid equilibria for mixtures of (ethylene carbonate + aromatic hydrocarbon + cyclohexane)

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of (ethylene carbonate + benzene + cyclohexane) at temperatures 303.15 and 313.15 K and (ethylene carbonate + BTX + cyclohexane) at temperature 313.15 K are reported, where the BTX is benzene, toluene and m-xylene. The compositions of liquid phases at equilibrium were determined by gas liquid chromatography. The selectivity factors and partition coefficients of ethylene carbonate for the extraction of benzene, toluene and m-xylene from (ethylene carbonate + BTX + cyclohexane) are calculated and presented. The obtained results are compared with the selectivity factors and partition coefficients of ethylene carbonate for the extraction of benzene from (ethylene carbonate + benzene + cyclohexane). The liquid-liquid equilibrium data were correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficient models. The phase diagrams for the studied mixtures are presented and the correlated tie line results have been compared with the experimental data. The comparisons indicate the applicability of the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficients model for liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations of the studied mixtures. The tie line data of the studied mixtures also were correlated using the Hand method.     

Low molecular weight organogels based on long-chain carbamates

Thermoreversible organogels were prepared from carbamates with alkyl side chains of different lengths. Gelation was possible only up to an alkyl side chain length of 12 carbons, beyond which crystallization occurs, due to the dominant van der Waals interaction between the alkyl chains. This is in contrast to other alkane-based organogels, in which gelating efficiency increased with the length of the alkane chain (see Abdallah, D. J.; Weiss, R. G. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1237). The critical concentration for gelation decreases drastically with an increase in the side chain length. Xerogels of these show birefringent fibers with uniform cross section and unlimited growth in one direction. The extent of this unlimited growth is affected by the length of the alkyl side chain in the carbamate, which finally ceases the gel formation ability of the carbamate. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy images of the gels are similar to those of xerogels. From X-ray diffraction of the fibers, we propose that the growth direction is along the plane of hydrogen bonds between the carbamate molecules. The thickness of the fibers depends on the length of the alkyl side chain. Morphological differences are seen between gels prepared by slow cooling and quenching of the solution. Thus, the morphology of the fibrous xerogels of the carbamates can be tailored for specific applications, by the choice of the alkyl side chain length and the rate of cooling the solution.     

Kinetics of anation of chromium(III) by L-phenylalanine

Summary The kinetics of anation of chromium(III) species, [Cr(H₂O)₆]⁴⁺ and [Cr(H₂O)₅OH]²⁺, by L-phenylalanine in aqueous acid has been studied spectrophotometrically. Effects of varying [substrate], [ligand], [H⁺], , % ethanol and temperature were investigated. The kinetic data suggest a mechanism where outersphere-associations [between chromium(III) species and phenylalanine in the zwitterionic form] precede anation. Comparison of the results with published data suggest an I_a path for the [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reaction and I_d path for the [Cr(H₂O)₅OH]²⁺ reaction.     

Slurry sampling techniques for the determination of lead in Bangladeshi fish samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a metal tube atomizer

Ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a metal tube atomizer has been applied to the determination of lead in Bangladeshi fish samples. The slurry sampling conditions, such as slurry stabilizing agent, slurry concentration, pyrolysis temperature for the slurried fish samples, particle size and ultrasonic agitation time, were optimized for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with the Mo tube atomizer. Thiourea was used as the chemical modifier for the interference of matrix elements. The detection limit was 53 fg (3S/N). The determined amount of lead in Bangladeshi fish samples was consistent with those measured in the dissolved acid-digested samples. The advantages of the proposed methods are easy calibration, simplicity, low cost and rapid analysis.