An analysis on synthesizing large scales of one-dimensional silicon nano-structures by simple evaporation of sulfur-contained powders

The growth mechanism for synthesizing large scales of one-dimensional silicon nano-structures (silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) or silicon oxide nano-wires (SiO₂-NWs)) by a simple evaporation of sulfur-contained powders on silicon wafer is discussed. A novel sulfide-assisted mechanism referring to oxygen-assisted mechanism is proposed. Amongst this simple method, sulfide or pure sulfur can both assist the formation of SiNWs. The growth is fast and some SiNWs are easily oxidized to be amorphous structure of SiO₂-NWs under the low-vacuum system. The simple method suggests a useful route to achieve plenty of one-dimensional silicon nano-structures for further research.     

碘化汞材料固有空间分辨的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了直接转换X射线探测材料HgI2在医用X射线范围的固有空间分辨性能,模拟基于最新版本的EGSnrc模拟软件的用户代码DOSRZnrc,模拟了HgI2材料对无限小锥束入射X射线的调制传递函数(MTF)。考虑到荧光光子和散射光子重吸收,高速电子射程扩展以及离轴X射线入射对空间分辨力的影响,把模拟结果和文献解析方法获得的结果做了对比,两者符合较好。模拟结果表明,初级高速电子射程和入射角度对材料固有空间分辨力影响很大,材料分辨对入射X光子能量很敏感,高能时分辨力特性急剧变差,而对材料厚度很不敏感。相对于非晶硒(α-Se),HgI2材料具有更好的固有空间分辨力,尤其在50 keV能量以上时。在fMTF=0.5时,能量为20 keV,50 keV和100 keV的X射线入射,HgI2和非晶Se固有空间分辨力分别为390 lp/mm,170lp/mm,52 lp/mm和390 lp/mm,80 lp/mm,22 lp/mm。     

Rapid characterization of molecular chemistry,nutrient make‐up and microlocation of internal seed tissue

Wheat differs from corn in biodegradation kinetics and fermentation characteristics. Wheat exhibits a relatively high rate (23% h^?1) and extent (78% DM) of biodegradation, which can lead to metabolic problems such as acidosis and bloat in ruminants. The objective of this study was to rapidly characterize the molecular chemistry of the internal structure of wheat (cv. AC Barrie) and reveal both its structural chemical make‐up and nutrient component matrix by analyzing the intensity and spatial distribution of molecular functional groups within the intact seed using advanced synchrotron‐powered Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. The experiment was performed at the U2B station of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA. The wheat tissue was imaged systematically from the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm under the peaks at ～1732 (carbonyl C=O ester), 1515 (aromatic compound of lignin), 1650 (amide I), 1025 (non‐structural CHO), 1550 (amide II), 1246 (cellulosic material), 1160, 1150, 1080, 930, 860 (all CHO), 3350 (OH and NH stretching), 2928 (CH₂ stretching band) and 2885 cm^?1 (CH₃ stretching band). Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to analyze the molecular FTIR spectra obtained from the different inherent structures within the intact wheat tissues. The results showed that, with synchrotron‐powered FTIR microspectroscopy, images of the molecular chemistry of wheat could be generated at an ultra‐spatial resolution. The features of aromatic lignin, structural and non‐structural carbohydrates, as well as nutrient make‐up and interactions in the seeds, could be revealed. Both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis methods are conclusive in showing that they can discriminate and classify the different inherent structures within the seed tissue. The wheat exhibited distinguishable differences in the structural and nutrient make‐up among the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm. Such information on the molecular chemistry can be used for grain‐breeding programs for selecting a superior variety of wheat targeted for food and feed purposes and for predicting wheat quality and nutritive value in humans and animals. Thus advanced synchrotron‐powered FTIR technology can provide a greater understanding of the plant–animal interface.     

Rapulasides A and B: two novel intermolecular rearranged biiridoid glucosides from the roots of Heracleum rapula

Two novel intermolecular rearranged biiridoid glucosides, rapulasides A and B (1 and 2), have been isolated from the roots of Heracleum rapula. Their structures were identified by extensive spectral analysis especially different NMR techniques. NOESY experiment, with the help of Dreiding molecular model, was used to elucidate their relative stereochemistry. Both compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF, ADP, or AA, respectively. Only trends of inhibition were observed for them.     

Transition to instability in a kicked bose-einstein condensate

A periodically kicked ring of a Bose-Einstein condensate is considered as a nonlinear generalization of the quantum kicked rotor. For weak interactions between atoms, periodic motion (antiresonance) becomes quasiperiodic (quantum beating) but remains stable. There exists a critical strength of interactions beyond which quasiperiodic motion becomes chaotic, resulting in an instability of the condensate manifested by exponential growth in the number of noncondensed atoms. Similar behavior is observed for dynamically localized states (essentially quasiperiodic motions), where stability remains for weak interactions but is destroyed by strong interactions.     

An inverse technique to determine volatile organic compounds diffusion and partition coefficients in dry building material

A mass transfer theory based model describing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) diffusion in dry building material was presented. Effects of some key parameters on the model output were theoretically studied. An inverse method was developed to estimate the diffusion coefficient (D) and partition coefficient (K) of VOC/material combination by utilizing dynamic chamber emission data. The present inverse parameter estimation problem was solved with Levenberg–Marquardt method of minimization of the ordinary least-squares norm. Sensitivity analysis showed the feasibility of simultaneous estimation of D and K. The present inverse method was first validated by a theoretical case. Measurements with different error levels were used to show their effects on the accuracy of the estimates. Results indicate that the present inverse method can be used to accurately estimate both D and K with the additional information of measured VOC concentration in chamber. Then experimental data of styrene/carpet combination obtained from standard field and laboratory emission cell emission test were used to determine D and K using the validated inverse method. Reliable results were obtained.     

Giant Kerr nonlinearity induced by interacting dark resonances

A scheme for giant enhancement of the Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level system with double dark resonances is proposed. Compared with that generated in a single-dark-resonance system, the Kerr nonlinearity can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude with vanishing linear absorption. We attribute this dramatic enhancement to the interaction of dark resonances.     

Morphological symmetry breaking during epitaxial growth at grazing incidence

It is shown that, in submonolayer growth at off-normal incidence, even much less than 1% of transfer from the condensation energy of the deposited atoms into adatom motion is sufficient to induce a net adatom current from the illuminated edge of a two-dimensional island to the other edges, thereby breaking the island symmetry. Such a symmetry breaking phenomenon is most pronounced for deposition at grazing incidence. Comparison between our theoretical predictions and existing experimental results confirms the general validity of the model.     

Nonlinear effects in interference of bose-einstein condensates

Nonlinear effects in the interference of Bose-Einstein condensates are studied using exact solutions of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which is applicable when the lateral motion is confined or negligible. With the inverse scattering method, the interference pattern is studied as a scattering problem with the linear Schrodinger equation, whose potential is profiled by the initial density distribution of the condensates. Our theory not only provides an analytical framework for quantitative predictions for the one-dimensional case, it also gives an intuitive understanding of some mysterious features of the interference patterns observed in experiments and numerical simulations.