On the Distribution and Scaling of Convective Wavespeeds in the Shear Layers of Heated Supersonic Jets

The noise generated by supersonic plumes is of growing concern given the enormous peak noise intensity radiated by tactical aircraft engines. A key component of this noise is the enhanced radiation of mixing noise caused by large scale eddies convecting supersonically relative to the surrounding quiescent medium. As very little data exist for eddy convection in high Reynolds number, supersonic plumes, our current ability to develop concepts that alter compressible eddy convection is limited. Herein we present new experimental data of eddy convective wavespeeds in the developing shear layer of supersonic heated jets. A new scaling of the wavespeed in radial similarity coordinates is proposed which takes into account the influence of the ratio of static densities between the jet and ambient streams. In particular, we observe a structural change in wavespeed spectra at the end of the potential core—in addition to high turbulence levels, the potential core breakdown region can have enhanced eddy wavespeeds, increasing noise radiation efficiency. The results provide a first examination of the interplay of density ratio effects and the dynamic breakdown process of the potential core in supersonic jets—physics integral to the noise generation process.     

Enantioselective synthesis of BMS-911278: a triple reuptake inhibitor

BMS-911278 was identified as a potent triple reuptake inhibitor potentially useful for the treatment of depression. The original racemic synthesis suffered from tedious and low recovery resolution and HPLC separation, as well as low-yielding hazardous N-demethylation at the API step. To support further preclinical studies, a scalable enantioselective synthesis was developed. Herein, we report an efficient asymmetric synthesis of BMS-911278 featuring two key steps: an enantioselective Miyaura reaction and an intramolecular regioselective cyclization.     

利用真空紫外脉冲场电离-光电子方法研究三氯乙烯阳离子振动光谱

在 76 4 0 0～ 796 5 0cm-1的能量范围内测量了三氯乙烯的真空紫外脉冲场电离 光电子 (VUV PFI PE)谱 .根据量子化学理论计算的频率以及Franck Condon因子 ,对VUV PFI PE谱的振动谱带进行了标定 ,确认了11个三氯乙烯阳离子的振动频率 ,分别为 :ν1+ =14 8cm-1,ν2 + =180cm-1,ν3 + =2 86cm-1,ν4+ =4 0 2cm-1,ν5+=4 72cm-1,ν6+ =6 6 0cm-1,ν7+ =875cm-1,ν8+ =990cm-1,ν9+ =10 38cm-1,ν10 + =12 6 7cm-1,ν11+ =14 0 8cm-1.这些测量和新近用真空紫外 红外光诱导电离确定的ν12 + =30 73cm-1一起 ,提供了三氯乙烯阳离子电子基态的所有 12个振动频率的实验值 .通过对VUV PFI PE谱 (0 ,0 )跃迁带的光谱拟合 ,确定了三氯乙烯的电离能为(76 4 4 1.7± 2 .0 )cm-1((9.4 776± 0 .0 0 0 2 )eV) .     

Longitudinal Patent Analysis for Nanoscale Science and Engineering: Country,Institution and Technology Field

Nanoscale science and engineering (NSE) and related areas have seen rapid growth in recent years. The speed and scope of development in the field have made it essential for researchers to be informed on the progress across different laboratories, companies, industries and countries. In this project, we experimented with several analysis and visualization techniques on NSE-related United States patent documents to support various knowledge tasks. This paper presents results on the basic analysis of nanotechnology patents between 1976 and 2002, content map analysis and citation network analysis. The data have been obtained on individual countries, institutions and technology fields. The top 10 countries with the largest number of nanotechnology patents are the United States, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Korea, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy and Australia. The fastest growth in the last 5 years has been in chemical and pharmaceutical fields, followed by semiconductor devices. The results demonstrate potential of information-based discovery and visualization technologies to capture knowledge regarding nanotechnology performance, transfer of knowledge and trends of development through analyzing the patent documents.     

Synthesis,Structure, and Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Heteroleptic Bis(phthalocyaninato) Rare Earth Complexes with a C4 Symmetry

A series of eleven heteroleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth double‐deckers [M^III(pc){pc(α‐OC₅H₁₁)₄}] 1 – 11 (M=Y, Sm? Lu; pc=phthalocyaninato; pc(α‐OC₅H₁₁)₄=1,8,15,22‐tetrakis(1‐ethylpropoxy)phthalocyaninato) were prepared as racemic mixtures by [M^III(pc)(acac)]‐induced (acac=acetylacetonato) cyclic tetramerization of 3‐(1‐ethylpropoxy)phthalonitrile in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in refluxing pentanol. These compounds could also be prepared by treating [M^III(pc)(acac)] with the metal‐free phthalocyanine H₂{pc(α‐OC₅H₁₁)₄} in refluxing octanol. The whole series of double‐decker complexes 1 – 11 were characterized by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of the Sm, Eu, and Er complexes 1, 2 , and 8 , respectively, were also determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The effects of the rare earth ion size on the reaction yield, molecular structure, and spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of these complexes were systematically examined.     

Rigorous approach to kinetic parameters: polymerization of styrene with benzoyl peroxide in carbon tetrachloride

Both the rate constant of initiator dissociation, k_d, and the chain transfer constant, C_x, are determined by monitoring the rates of monomer and transfer agent conversions in a chain polymerization. Statistical analysis that takes into account the errors of experimental variables has been used to treat the kinetic data for the polymerization of styrene initiated by benzoyl peroxide (Bz₂O₂) in carbon tetrachloride at 60°C. Values of k_d and C_x produced by this error-in-variable method (EVM) are in accordance with those reported in literature. More important, the EVM algorithm always results in the smallest standard deviations of estimates, and hence, it is superior to the usual least-squares calculations. Other distinct features of the method are outlined. The initiator efficiency for Bz₂O₂ is estimated to be 0.72 under the present conditions.     

Spatial variations in the stoichiometry of sputtered YBaCuO thin films: theory and experiment

A Monte Carlo simulation of the sputtering process is applied to the problem of the thickness and stoichiometry variations in the sputtering of YBaCuO superconducting targets. The theory predicts no strong spatial variations in stoichiometry due to the different scattering behaviour of the various constituents of the superconductor. The theory is compared with a systematic experimental study using both RF and DC sputtering in either argon or oxygen gases. The ratios Ba: Y and Cu: Y were determined as a function of radial distance by inductively coupled plasma analysis (ICP). In argon, both DC and RF sputtering gave a thickness distribution in reasonable agreement with theory. In oxygen, RF sputtering gave a thickness distribution very different to theory and gave no net deposition in an annular central region. Stoichiometry variations are interpreted in terms of etching processes. The role of oxygen ions in etching is discussed and a case made for the importance of oxygen positive ions in RF sputtering in oxygen.