Analysis of chromatic dispersion effect on coherent optical CPFSK system and performance improvement with the use of combinations of various optical fibers

The performance of a coherent optical continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) system is evaluated theoretically including the combined effect of fiber chromatic dispersion, non-zero laser line width and receiver noises. The system limitations imposed by chromatic dispersion and laser phase noise are depicted. The system performance can be improved by shifting the zero-dispersion wavelength to the operating wavelength of the system and this shifting can be achieved efficiently by using a suitable combination of different types of optical fibers. Dispersion shifting characteristics are demonstrated using four kinds of fibers, namely: standard single-mode fiber (SMF), dispersion shifted fiber (DSF), dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) and large core fiber (LCF). The effect of dispersion shifting on the system performance is evaluated in terms of transmission distance and bit rate.     

Effect of temperature on the surface phase behavior and micelle formation of a mixed system of nonionic/anionic surfactants

The adsorption and micellar behavior of diethylene glycol mono-n-tetradecyl ether (C14E2), sodium 3,6,9,12-tetraoxaoctacosanoate (TOOCNa), and their mixture at a 1:1 molar ratio have been studied by film balance, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and surface tensiometry at different temperatures. The monolayers of pure C14E2 and its mixture with TOOCNa show a first-order phase transition with a conspicuous cusp point in their respective adsorption isotherms. This is further confirmed by the observation of bright two-dimensional condensed phase domains visualized by BAM just after the appearance of the phase transition. It is interesting to note here that for C14E2, condensed domains are observed up to 19 degrees C, while in the mixed system, they are observed up to 22 degrees C. To understand why in the mixed system the domains are observed at higher temperatures than for pure C14E2, we have measured the temperature dependency of the equilibrium surface tension at > or = cmc (gammacmc) values of both the pure and the mixed systems. The gammacmc values of pure C14E2 remain almost constant, while those of pure TOOCNa and its mixture with C14E2 decrease appreciably with increasing temperature. It is concluded that higher degree of dehydration of the ethylene oxide (EO) chain reduces the head-group size of TOOCNa, which outweighs the combined effect of the repulsive interactions between the head-groups and the thermal motion of the adsorbed molecules. Furthermore, C14E2 being inserted into the TOOCNa monolayer reduces the electrostatic repulsions between the charged heads, and consequently, the adsorbed monolayers attain closer molecular packing. As a result, the gammacmc values of both pure TOOCNa and its mixture with C14E2 decrease with increasing temperature. This facilitates the formation of condensed domains in the mixed system at higher temperatures, whereas none of the individual members can show any indicative feature of phase transition under the same experimental conditions.     

Distortion-invariant pattern recognition using synthetic discriminant function based multiple phase-shifted-reference fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

This paper proposes a novel pattern recognition system for invariance to noise and distortions. The technique first generates a synthetic discriminant function of the target image from its different distorted versions. It then takes four different phase-shifted versions of the reference image, which are individually joint transform correlated with the given input scene. Thus the proposed algorithm produces a single cross-correlation signal corresponding to each potential target. Also a fringe-adjusted filter is designed to generate a delta-like correlation peak with high discrimination between the signal and the noise. The pattern recognition system is also designed for the identification of multiple targets belonging to multiple reference objects simultaneously in a given input scene. The proposed technique is investigated using computer simulation including real-life images in different complex environments.     

Expression of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor in Escherichia coli and Characterization of its Biological Activity

Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF) was successfully expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli system. This system was used OmpA signal sequence to produce soluble protein into the periplasm of E. coli. Human EGF (hEGF) synthesized in bacterial cell was found to be similar in size with the original protein and molecular weight approximately at 6.8 kDa. Cell proliferation assay was conducted to characterize the biological activity of hEGF on human dermal fibroblasts. The synthesized hEGF was found to be functional as compared with authentic hEGF in stimulating cell proliferation and promoting growth of cell. In comparison of biological activity between synthesized and commercial hEGF on cell proliferation, the results showed there was no significant different. This finding indicates the synthesized hEGF in E. coli system is fully bioactive in vitro.     

Density-Functional Theory of Vibrations in Ni<Subscript>1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>V<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> Clusters

We have performed the calculation of the vibrational frequencies, Fermi energy and binding energy for several clusters of Ni and vanadium atoms by using the first principles. The calculations are performed by using the density-functional theory in the local-density approximation with spin polarized orbitals. The calculation of vibrational frequencies shows that some of the clusters have positive vibrational frequencies which describe the oscillations of the stable clusters. The negative vibrational frequencies indicate that these clusters are instable with respect to these vibrations when no energy of this frequency is supplied. We find that for vanadium concentration less than 11.1% the clusters of Ni and V atoms are not stable. Hence ferromagnetism in Ni is predicted below 11.1% vanadium. We find the vibrational frequencies of several clusters for which the vanadium concentration is more than 11.1%. We are able to find a phase transition by use of quantum mechanics alone without the use of classical mechanical variables or thermodynamic variables such as temperature.     

Study of effective parameters on wear behavior of rubbers based on statistical methods

This study investigates the wear, surface roughness, and temperature buildup (TBU) of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) while sliding over abrasives of different sizes with the variation of normal load. Rubber properties such as tensile strength (s) and elongation at break (e) were considered as input parameters. Individual, as well as interacting effects of different parameters, were analyzed in‐depth by using statistical methods. Overall wear of rubber depends not only on the tribological system but also on mechanical properties that contribute different wear mechanisms in addition to abrasion. The abrasive particle size and 1/(se) are the first and second most significant contributing factors, respectively, to all output parameters except the wear rate where the second contributing factor is the applied load and abrasive size is the highest contributor. Larger abrasive particles deepen ploughing marks, which is enhanced by the higher load, and lead to higher surface roughness. The effect of load on TBU is negligible because of the soft nature of the rubber material.     

Mass-spectrometric study of nitro-substituted dihydrosilaazaanthrones

The effect of the position of the nitro group on the character of the dissociative ionization of nitro-substituted dihydrosilaazaanthrones was studied. It was established that a change in the position of the nitro group in the molecule affects not only the probability of the occurrence of monotypic fragmentations but is also responsible for the development of new pathways of the fragmentation of the molecular ions. This makes it possible to identify the isomeric nitrodihydrosilaazaanthrones from their mass spectra.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 534–538, April, 1985.     

Condensation of N-(p-nitrobenzyl)-10,10-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-10-sila-2-azaanthracene bromide and its 9-oxo derivative with acetylenedicarboxylic ester

Carbanions derived from N-(p-nitrobenzyl)-dihydrosilaazaanthracene condense with acetylenedicarboxylic ester to form substituted silanaphthoindolizines and silaazaaceanthrenes. The analogous salt of the 9-oxo derivative gave the oxo substituted silanaphthoindolizine. The compounds obtained were subjected to reduction, hydrolysis, and opening of the sila-ring.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 707–711, May, 1987.     

Surface phase behavior in Gibbs monolayers of bis(ethylene glycol) mono-n-tetradecyl ether at the air-water interface

We present the adsorption kinetics and surface morphology of the adsorbed monolayers of bis(ethylene glycol) mono-n-tetradecyl ether (C14E2) by film balance and Brewster angle microscopy. A cusp point followed by a plateau region in the pressure (pi)-time (t) adsorption isotherm indicates a first-order phase transition in the coexistence region between a lower density liquid expanded (LE) phase and a higher density liquid condensed (LC) phase. A variety of condensed phase domains surrounded by the homogeneous LE phase are observed just after the appearance of the phase transition. The domains are of a spiral or striplike structure at lower temperatures. This characteristic shape of the domains is because of strong dipole-dipole repulsion between the molecules. At 18 degrees C, the domains are found to be quadrant structures. A slight increase in subphase temperature (around 1 degrees C) brings about a quadrant-to-circular shape transition in the domains. The circular domains return to quadrant structures as the subphase temperature is lowered. The domains completely disappear when the temperature is increased beyond 19 degrees C, suggesting that the critical temperature for the condensed domain formation is 19 degrees C. Above this temperature, the hypothetical surface pressure necessary for the phase transition exceeds the actual surface pressure attainable from a solution of concentration greater than or equal to the critical micelle concentration. An increase in molecular motion with increasing temperature results in a higher degree of chain flexibility. As a result, the molecules cannot accumulate in the condensed phase form when the subphase temperature is above 19 degrees C.     

Anomalous phase behavior in Langmuir monolayers of monomyristoyl-rac-glycerol at the air-water interface

The effect of temperature on the surface phase behavior in Langmuir monolayers of monomyristoyl-rac-glycerol (MMG) at the air-water interface has been studied by film balance and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). It is observed that the domains of the MMG monolayers formed in the coexistence region between the liquid expanded (LE) and liquid condensed (LC) phases retain their circular shape over the studied temperature range, showing a sharp contrast to the temperature-dependent monolayer morphologies of amphiphilic systems where the shape of condensed domains changes either from compact circular to fingering or from irregular or spiral to compact patterns with increasing temperature. It is concluded that the system is capable of tuning the line tension of the interface by the effect of the increase in the hydrophobic character because of dehydration of the headgroup, which imparts to the molecules the properties of similar molecules but with less hydrophilic headgroups. As a result, the domains can retain their circular shape even up to the maximum possible temperature of the phase transition.