Application of an efficient strategy based on liquid–liquid extraction,high‐speed counter‐current chromatography,and preparative HPLC for the rapid enrichment,separation, and purification of four anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum

This study presents an efficient strategy based on liquid–liquid extraction, high‐speed counter‐current chromatography, and preparative HPLC for the rapid enrichment, separation, and purification of four anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum. A new solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/water (4:2:1, v/v/v) was developed for the liquid–liquid extraction of the crude extract from R. tanguticum. As a result, emodin, aloe‐emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol were greatly enriched in the organic layer. In addition, an efficient method was successfully established to separate and purify the above anthraquinones by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and preparative HPLC. This study supplies a new alternative method for the rapid enrichment, separation, and purification of emodin, aloe‐emodin, physcione, and chrysophanol.     

Simultaneous determination of trifloxystrobin and trifloxystrobin acid residue in rice and soil by a modified quick,easy, cheap,effective, rugged,and safe method using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid in rice including straw, bran, brown rice and soil was developed by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The fungicide trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid were extracted using acetonitrile with 1% formic acid v/v and subsequently cleaned up by primary secondary amine, octadecylsilane or graphitized carbon black prior to ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The determination of two target compounds was achieved in less than 3 min using an electrospray ionization source in positive mode. The limits of detection were below 0.22 μg/kg and the limits of quantification did not exceed 0.74 μg/kg in all matrices, which were much lower than the maximum residue levels established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The overall average recoveries in four matrix at three levels (0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) ranged from 74.2 to 107.4% with a relative standard deviations of less than 7.8% (n = 5) for both analytes. The method was demonstrated to be convenient and reliable for the routine monitoring of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite. The developed method was validated and applied for the analysis of degradation study samples.     

石墨烯层数测量方法的研究进展

石墨烯具有高导电性、高韧度、高强度、超大比表面积等特点,在电子、航天工业、新能源、新材料等领域有广泛应用。对石墨烯层数测量方法的研究有助于深入理解石墨烯性能与微观结构之间的关系。本文着重阐述了包括光学显微镜、拉曼光谱、原子力显微镜和透射电镜等测量石墨烯层数的方法,同时比较了各种测量方法的优点及局限性,并指出石墨烯层数的测量方法还有待进一步完善。     

Morphological and dimensional control via assembly of polyaniline crystals

A facile and general route to a new generation of polyaniline(PANI)-citric acid(CA) crystals such as 2D nanoplates, 2D nanosheets and 3D microrods self-assembled by the π-π stacking interaction is reported. Dramatic, 3D rectangular shaped microrods and 2D nanosheets are single crystals indicated by SAED patterns and HRTEM images. Moreover, the method does not depend on any specific equipment or heating, cooling and complex procedures. The novel polyaniline crystals will be useful for next generation organic electronics such as nano-transistors.     

Synergetic Spin Crossover and Fluorescence in One‐Dimensional Hybrid Complexes

Hybrid materials integrated with a variety of physical properties, such as spin crossover (SCO) and fluorescence, may show synergetic effects that find applications in many fields. Herein we demonstrate a promising post‐synthetic approach to achieve such materials by grafting fluorophores (1‐pyrenecarboxaldehyde and Rhodamine B) on one‐dimensional SCO Fe^II structures. The resulting hybrid materials display expected one‐step SCO behavior and fluorescent properties, in particular showing a coupling between the transition temperature of SCO and the temperature where the fluorescent intensity reverses. Consequently, synergetic effect between SCO and fluorescence is incorporated into materials despite different fluorophores. This study provides an effective strategy for the design and development of novel magnetic and optical materials.     

Temperature‐Induced Transformation from Large Compound Vesicles to Worm‐like Aggregates by ABC Triblock Copolymer

Two triblock polymers, tetraaniline‐block‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)‐block‐poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (TA‐b‐PNIPAM‐b‐PHEA) and TA‐b‐PHEA‐b‐PNIPAM, were synthesized with unambiguous structure by a two step method. The difference of these two diblock polymers is the connection order of carboxyl group to block, e.g., carboxyl group to PNIPAM block for PNIPAM‐b‐PHEA and to PHEA block for PHEA‐b‐PNIPAM. Secondly, block tetraaniline was linked to the diblock polymer through amidation to yield the corresponding triblock copolymer. Both of them have almost the identical chemical compositions. The only difference is the connection order of each block in the triblock polymers. When they were self‐assembled at 45°C in a suitable solution, both of their aggregates have spherical shape with slight defects on their surface with the average diameter of about 400 nm. However, when their aggregate dispersion was cooled down to 20°C, only TA‐b‐PHEA‐b‐PNIPAM's morphology changed, forming worm‐like aggregates with the diameter of about 100–200 nm transformed from spherical aggregates. Both amphiphilic property and position of each block in this triblock copolymer are very essential for this morphology transformation. Since the worm‐like aggregates presented here by our group have hollow structure inside, its controlled release properties for doxorubicin were evaluated. Drug release experiment indicated that along with the temperature changes, the rearrangement of the intermediate layer structure caused morphology change in aggregate, thus accelerating the speed of drug release.     

Screening of drugs of abuse and toxic compounds in human whole blood using online solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

A novel method for the screening of 151 drugs of abuse and toxic compounds in human whole blood has been developed and validated by online solid‐phase extraction with liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Analytes were extracted and separated by using a fully automated online solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography system with total chromatographic run time of 26 min. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry screening of 151 drugs of abuse and toxic compounds was performed in a full‐scan (m/z 50–800) mode using an MS^E acquisition of molecular ions and fragment ions data at two collision energies (one was 6 eV and another one was in the range of 5–45 eV). The compounds were identified based on retention times and exact mass of molecular ions and fragment ions. The limit of detection ranged from 1 to 100 ng/mL and the recovery of the method ranged from 6.3 to 163.5%. This method is proved to be a valuable screening method allowing fast and specific identification of drugs in human whole blood.     

活性炭担载的铂催化剂在碱性条件下选择性氧化甘油制备乳酸

生物柴油是一种环境友好的燃料,随着其生产及应用的快速增长,其生产过程中重要的副产物甘油将会大量过剩.因此,将甘油转化为高附加值的化学品对于提高生物柴油整体竞争力具有重大意义.乳酸是重要的化工原料,可用于制备生物兼容和可降解的聚乳酸塑料,广泛应用于食品和医药等领域.近年来,由甘油制乳酸的研究受到格外关注,相对于水热反应和氢解反应等,催化选择氧化反应因温和的反应条件而更具竞争力.
　　目前,甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸一般需加入较高比例的NaOH,而碱的类型对反应性能的影响鲜有报道.另外,催化剂常采用TiO2和CeO2等氧化物载体,而炭载体具有比表面积较大、在酸碱溶液中稳定及贵金属易于回收等优点,在催化领域有着广泛应用.因此,本文研究了活性炭(AC)担载的Pt催化剂在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸反应中的催化性能.
　　首先研究了Pt/AC催化剂和碱在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸过程中的催化作用.实验发现, Pt/AC和碱协同作用才能得到乳酸. Pt/AC催化剂在甘油脱氢生成中间产物(甘油醛和二羟基丙酮)的过程中起主导作用,碱的存在能够促进甘油羟基脱氢;中间产物实验证实,中间产物生成乳酸过程中碱起主导作用,它促进甘油醛和二羟基丙酮脱水反应和坎尼扎罗重排反应获得乳酸.进一步研究发现,中间产物二羟基丙酮比甘油醛更有利于乳酸生成,而Pt/AC催化剂有利于中间产物氧化为甘油酸.
　　进一步研究了不同类型的碱对反应性能的影响.结果表明,碱金属氢氧化物(LiOH, NaOH, KOH)比碱土金属氢氧化物(Ba(OH)2)更有利于提高甘油转化率和乳酸选择性.在加入碱金属氢氧化物条件下,甘油转化率与其离子半径呈正相关,而乳酸选择性则呈相反趋势.在LiOH存在下,乳酸选择性明显高于NaOH和KOH条件.当LiOH：甘油摩尔比为1.5时,甘油转化率和乳酸选择性均最高.在较低的LiOH与甘油摩尔比时,随着反应的消耗,溶液中的OH–减少,其促进甘油脱氢的作用变弱,并且不利于中间产物进行坎尼扎罗反应,故反应活性和乳酸选择性较差;而当LiOH比例过高时,会导致溶解氧浓度迅速降低,从而使甘油转化率和乳酸选择性下降,同时副产物甘油酸的选择性有所提高.这可能是因为较高比例的碱会促进中间产物甘油醛生成,该中间产物在Pt/AC催化作用下发生进一步氧化反应生成甘油酸.
　　研究了反应时间对催化性能的影响.结果表明,反应6 h后,甘油已经完全转化,乳酸选择性最高,达到69.3%;进一步延长反应时间,乳酸选择性有所下降,而副产物乙酸选择性略有增加,这可能是部分乳酸分解所致. Pt/AC催化剂经5次循环使用后仍保持了较高的甘油转化率和乳酸选择性.     

铂族金属催化剂低温 CO氧化研究近期进展

CO氧化可能是多相催化领域最常见的反应,它不仅能作为探针反应研究催化剂结构、反应活性位等,而且在诸多实际过程如空气净化、汽车尾气污染物控制、燃料电池所用氢源净化等扮演重要角色.最早的 CO氧化催化剂为霍加拉特剂,其组分主要为 CuO与 MnO2混合氧化物,然而在实际应用过程中存在低温活性低、吸湿易失活等缺点.1987年, Haruta等发现湿化学法制备的氧化物负载 Au催化剂表现出非常高的低温 CO氧化活性及耐水稳定性,其 Au粒子以纳米尺度分散,进而引发了催化研究领域的“淘金热”及纳米催化研究热潮.而 CO氧化通常作为考察 Au催化剂结构性质的探针反应,也成为考核其它金属催化剂是否具有高活性的判据之一. Pt族金属上 CO氧化反应从 Langmuir等研究开始至今已有100多年,然而低温下该金属催化剂活性与 Au催化剂相比要低一个数量级.本质原因为 Pt族金属上 CO吸附较强, O2吸附与活化受到抑制,而该步骤被认为是 CO氧化的速控步,因而表现出较低的催化活性.通常 Pt族金属催化剂需要100oC以上 CO才能脱附, O2进而得以吸附.目前研究人员采取多种策略,其基本原则为削弱 Pt族金属上 CO吸附强度或者提供其它活性位供 O2吸附与活化.本综述将概括近十年来Pt族金属催化剂 CO氧化研究进展,主要总结室温甚至超低温条件下的研究成果.高活性 CO氧化催化剂主要是通过采用可还原氧化物为载体或助剂,或者改变催化剂表面性质如使表面富 OH基物种来形成. Au催化剂的研究发现,改变金属粒子尺寸极有可能获得不同寻常的催化性能,而常规的 Pt族金属催化剂研究主要是在纳米尺度.近期人们发现逐渐减小 Pt族金属粒子尺寸,从纳米到亚纳米甚至单原子时,其电荷状态逐渐呈正价形式,这有利于削弱其 CO吸附强度.此外,可通过增强金属载体间的相互作用,改变金属载体接触方式,如从核壳到交叉结联结构,构筑出更多的金属载体界面,使得 O2更容易吸附与活化或稳定更多的 OH基物种进而在此界面与吸附的 CO反应.伴随着表征技术的发展, CO氧化机理的认识也更加深入,这给催化剂的设计带来更多新的思路.(1)改变 CO吸附活化位,将 CO吸附活化位从金属转移到载体上,从而大大降低 CO吸附强度,活化的 CO物种在反应过程中容易溢流到金属载体界面处,这甚至有利于超低温度下(–100oC左右) CO氧化.(2)改变 O2活化形式. O2通常在 Pt族金属上容易以解离氧原子形式存在,通过改变载体、金属载体界面性质使得 O2以分子氧形式活化,如形成超氧或过氧物种,这有利于降低 CO氧化的活化能垒,进而提高其低温甚至超低温下 CO氧化活性.今后,设计并合成出在超低温度下能够氧化 CO的 Pt族金属催化剂将成为 CO氧化催化剂研究的重要方向之一.     

钙钛矿材料组分调控策略及其光电器件性能研究进展

近年来，钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率取得了爆发式增长，这与电池中钙钛矿薄膜的制备工艺和材料组分密切相关.关于钙钛矿薄膜的制备方法，相关的研究报道及综述较多，然而钙钛矿材料组分调控方面的研究梳理工作相对缺乏.本综述总结了近年来不同组分体系钙钛矿材料的研究进展，包括有机无机铅卤钙钛矿、全无机铅卤钙钛矿、少铅钙钛矿以及无铅钙钛矿.重点介绍了不同体系中具有代表性的材料组分及其对器件性能的影响，旨在梳理通过组分调控提高钙钛矿电池的效率及稳定性的研究思路，最终实现商业化应用.