Amino acids as chiral selectors in enantioresolution by liquid chromatography

Amino acids are unique in terms of their structural features and multidimensional uses. With their simple structures and the ready availability of both enantiomers, amino acids not only serve as a chiral pool for synthesis but also provide an inexpensive pool for resolution studies. There has been no attempt to review the application of amino acids as chiral selectors for chromatographic enantioresolution of pharmaceuticals and other compounds. The present paper deals with application of l-amino acids and complexes of l-amino acids with a metal ion, particularly Cu(II), as an impregnating reagent in thin-layer chromatography or as a chiral ligand exchange reagent or a chiral mobile phase additive in both thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Enantiomeric resolution of β-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, amino acids (and their derivatives) and certain other compounds is discussed.     

An examination of the pumping requirements for multiphoton deexcitations of isomeric levels

Deexcitation of isomeric levels via virtual excitation of higher levels with short lifetimes is calculated for a variety of circumstances. On and off resonance processes as well as single and multiple photon excitations are considered. Parameters characteristic of atomic and nuclear systems are contrasted. For the nuclear systems, the small excitation cross sections resulting from the small nuclear size leads to enormous intensity requirements for the pumping of nuclear isomers.     

Interfacial structure and properties in polystyrene/epoxy bilayer films

The interfacial structure and properties of immiscible deuterated polystyrene (dPS)/epoxy bilayer films were investigated with neutron reflectivity as functions of the composition of the epoxy layer, the thickness of the dPS layer, and the annealing time. We have found that the interfacial width and its growth rate depend strongly on the compositions of the epoxy layer but only weakly on the thickness of the dPS layer. The effect of the resin/crosslinker composition on the interfacial width and its growth rate is likely due to the different near‐surface structures that result for different epoxy stoichiometries. For an ultra‐thin dPS film (thickness = 2R_g), the data suggest a slight suppression of the growth of the interfacial width that could be due to confinement effects for the long‐chain molecules such as have been previously reported for a thickness of less than approximately 4R_g, where R_g is the radius of gyration of polymer molecules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2653–2660, 2002     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5′-O-Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of 3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine as Potential Anti-HIV Microbicides

A number of 5′-O-fatty acyl derivatives of 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (FLT, 1) were synthesized. These conjugates were evaluated for their potential as topical microbicides with anti-HIV activity against cell-free (X4 and R5), cell-associated, and multidrug-resistant viruses. Compared to FLT and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 5′-O-(12-azidododecanoyl) (5), 5′-O-myristoyl (6), and 5′-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) (8) derivatives of FLT were found to be more active against both cell-free viruses (lymphocytotropic and monocytotropic strains) with EC₅₀ values of 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM, and <0.2 μM, respectively, as well as cell-associated virus with EC₅₀ values of 12.6, 6.4, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Conjugates 5, 6, and 8 exhibited >4 and >30 times better antiviral index than FLT and AZT, respectively. Conjugates 5 and 8 were significantly more potent than FLT against many multidrug-resistant strains. A comparison of the anti-HIV activity with the corresponding non-hydrolyzable ether conjugates suggested that ester hydrolysis to FLT and fatty acids is critical to enable anti-HIV activity. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using fluorescent derivatives of FLT attached with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein through either β-alanine (23) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (24) spacers. The lipophilic fluorescent analog with a long chain (24) showed more than 12 times higher cellular uptake profile than the fluorescent analog with a short chain (23). These studies further confirmed that the attachment of fatty acids improved the cellular uptake of nucleoside conjugates. In addition, 5, 6, and 8 were the least cytotoxic and did not alter vaginal cell and sperm viability compared to the positive control, a commercial topical spermicide (N-9), which significantly decreased sperm and vaginal cell viability inducing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.     

Void-fraction measurements in a steady-state mercury-nitrogen flow loop

 A steady-state vertical mercury-nitrogen flow system has been investigated using three tomographic algorithms. Void-fraction profiles have been reconstructed by the data collected by a 60 mCi gamma-ray source and a single Na(Tl) detector. The results indicate excellent agreement (within ±1%) between the least-squares-solution and the chord-segment-inversion algorithms. The data-collection time for each data-ray was varied so that in each case 3000 counts could be collected to reduce the detrimental effect of Poisson statistics in the reconstructed profiles. Eleven sets of data have been collected for nitrogen flow-rates between 0.00123 and 0.00884  kg/s. The mercury flow-rates were between 17.6 and 34.1 kg/s. The resulting cross-sectional average void varied between 0.10 and 0.38. Received: 13 March 1997/Accepted: 12 September 1997     

Rotational analysis of the1Π-X1Σ system of AsN

The¹Π-X ¹Σ bands of AsN were excited by means of radio-frequency discharge through nitrogen and helium and traces of arsenic. The 0-0 band (2784.25 Å) and the 0-1 band (2868.74 Å) were photographed in the third order of a 6.6 meter concave grating spectrograph at a dispersion of 0.38 Å/mm. and analysed for their rotational structure. Perturbations observed in the¹Π state were studied in detail.     

Rotational analysis of the ultraviolet bands of PS

The 2-0, 1-0 and 0-0 bands of the ultraviolet system of PS have been analysed for their rotational structure. It is shown that they involve the transitionC ² Σ -X ² Π _r (a). TheC ² Σ state shows a significant spin doubling.     

X-ray fluorescence method for the determination of rare earths, uranium and thorium in allanites

Summary An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method for the determination of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Th and U in allanites is described. The estimation limits for different impurity elements are La 0.5–10%, Ce 2–20%, Pr 0.1–2.0%, Nd 0.5–10%, Sm 0.1–2%, Gd 0.1–2.0%, Th 0.2–4% and U 0.2–4%. The sample is diluted in the ratio of 19 by boric acid and double layer pellets are prepared. The precision of the method which varies from 0.2–15% has been determined for every element in each standard. Accuracy of the method is assessed by comparison of the values for rare earth, thorium and uranium content with those obtained by optical emission spectroscopic method and the values for uranium and thorium with those obtained by neutron activation analysis.

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Röntgenfluorescenzmethode zur Bestimmung von Seltenen Erden, Uran und Thorium in Allaniten

Zusammenfassung Das beschriebene Verfahren eignet sich zur Bestimmung von La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm Gd, Th und U in Allaniten. Die Bestimmungsgrenzen für die einzelnen Elemente betragen: La 0,5–10%; Ce 2–20%; Pr 0,1–2%; Nd 0,5–10%; Sm 0,1–2%; Gd 0,1–2%; Th 0,2–4%; U 0,2–4%. Die Probe wird mit Borsäure im Verhältnis 19 vermischt und zu Doppelschicht-Tabletten gepreßt. Die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt 0,2–15% und wurde für jedes Element im jeweiligen Standard bestimmt. Die Richtigkeit des Verfahrens wurde durch Vergleich mit Ergebnissen der Emissionsspektralanalyse (SE, U) sowie der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (U, Th) beurteilt.

     

Magneto-thermo-elastic waves in an infinite perfectly conducting elastic solid with energy dissipation

The generalized thermo-elasticity theory, i.e., Green and Naghdi （G-N） Ⅲ theory, with energy dissipation （TEWED） is employed in the study of time-harmonic plane wave propagation in an unbounded, perfectly electrically conducting elastic medium subject to primary uniform magnetic field. A more general dispersion equation with com- plex coefficients is obtained for coupled magneto-thermo-elastic wave solved in complex domain by using the Leguerre＇s method. It reveals that the coupled magneto-thermoelastic wave corresponds to modified dilatational and thermal wave propagation with finite speeds modified by finite thermal wave speeds, thermo-elastic coupling, thermal diffusivity, and the external magnetic field. Numerical results for a copper-like material are presented.