Verification of a model to predict the influence of particle inertia and gravity on a decaying turbulent particle-laden flow

In an earlier publication some of the authors presented a theoretical model for the calculation of the influence of particle inertia and gravity on the turbulence in a stationary particle-laden flow. In the present publication the model is extended for application to a decaying suspension. Also a comparison is given between predictions made with the model and experimental data (own data and data reported in the literature) on a decaying turbulent flow with particles in a water tunnel or in a wind tunnel. For most of the experiments a prediction with reasonable accuracy and an interpretation is possible by means of the model.     

ALS-associated mutant SOD1<Superscript>G93A</Superscript> causes mitochondrial vacuolation by expansion of the intermembrane space and by involvement of SOD1 aggregation and peroxisomes

Background  

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease that causes motor neuron degeneration, paralysis and death. Mutations in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are one cause for the familial form of this disease. Transgenic mice expressing mutant SOD1 develop age-dependent motor neuron degeneration, skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis and death similar to humans. The mechanism whereby mutant SOD1 induces motor neuron degeneration is not understood but widespread mitochondrial vacuolation has been observed during early phases of motor neuron degeneration. How this vacuolation develops is not clear, but could involve autophagic vacuolation, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) or uncharacterized mechanisms. To determine which of these possibilities are true, we examined the vacuolar patterns in detail in transgenic mice expressing mutant SOD1^G93A.     

Electron impact mass spectrometry of diethyl 2-oxysubstituted alkylphosphonates—a remarkably regiospecific α-cleavage

The major electron impact induced fragmentation of 2-hydroxyphosphonic esters, XCH₂CH(OH)CH₂PO₃Et₂ (and their O-derivatives) involves the C(2)–C(3) α-cleavage, yielding the XCH₂^· radical and the oxocarbonium ion, ⁺HO = CHCH₂PO₃Et₂. No evidence for a competitive C(1)–C(2) α-cleavage was obtained, and the results suggest a stabilizing effect of the phosphonyl group on the α-oxocarbonium system.     

2‐Aryl‐4‐azido‐3‐(bromo/iodo)quinolines as substrates for the synthesis of primary 4‐amino‐2,3‐disubstituted quinoline derivatives

Staudinger reaction of the 2‐aryl‐4‐azido‐3‐bromoquinolines and 2‐aryl‐4‐azido‐3‐iodoquinolines with triphenyl phosphine in refluxing tetrahydrofuran afforded series of 2‐aryl‐3‐halogeno‐4‐(triphenylphosphoranylideneamino)quinolines. The latter were, in turn, hydrolyzed to the corresponding primary 4‐amino‐2‐aryl‐3‐(bromo/iodo)quinolines using 80% acetic acid under reflux. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)‐palladium(O)‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction of the 2‐aryl‐3‐iodo‐4‐(triphenylphosphoranylideneamino)‐quinolines with phenylboronic acid in dimethyl formamide in the presence of 2 M K₂CO₃ followed by hydrolysis of the incipient 2,3‐diaryl‐4‐(triphenylphosphoranylideneamino)quinolines with 80% acetic acid afforded the 4‐amino‐2,3‐diarylquinolines.     

Spectroscopic,X-ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory Study of Intra- and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds in Ortho-(4-tolylsulfonamido)benzamides

The conformations of the title compounds were determined in solution (NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy) and in the solid state (FT-IR and XRD), complemented with density functional theory (DFT) in the gas phase. The nonequivalence of the amide protons of these compounds due to the hindered rotation of the C(O)–NH₂ single bond resulted in two distinct resonances of different chemical shift values in the aromatic region of their ¹H-NMR spectra. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the carbonyl oxygen and the sulfonamide hydrogen atom were observed in the solution phase and solid state. XRD confirmed the ability of the amide moiety of this class of compounds to function as a hydrogen bond acceptor to form a six-membered hydrogen bonded ring and a donor simultaneously to form intermolecular hydrogen bonded complexes of the type N–H···O=S. The distorted tetrahedral geometry of the sulfur atom resulted in a deviation of the sulfonamide moiety from co-planarity of the anthranilamide scaffold, and this geometry enabled oxygen atoms to form hydrogen bonds in higher dimensions.