Neural correlates of semantic and syntactic processes in the comprehension of case marked pronouns: Evidence from German and Dutch

Background  

It is well known that both semantic and syntactic information play a role in pronoun resolution in sentences. However, it is unclear what the relative contribution of these sources of information is for the establishment of a coreferential relationship between the pronoun and the antecedent in combination with a local structural case constraint on the pronoun (i.e. case assignment of a pronoun under preposition governing). In a prepositional phrase in German and Dutch, it is the preposition that assigns case to the pronoun. Furthermore, in these languages different overtly case-marked pronouns are used to refer to male and female persons. Thus, one can manipulate biological/syntactic gender features separately from case marking features.     

Separation and permeation characteristics of a DD3R zeolite membrane

Permeation of various gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton, neon) and their equimolar mixtures through DD3R membranes have been investigated over a temperature range of 220–373 K and a feed pressure of 101–400 kPa. Helium was used as sweep gas at atmospheric pressure. Adsorption isotherms were determined in the temperature range 195–298 K, and modelled by a single and dual site Langmuir model. The permeation flux is determined by the size of the molecule relative to the window opening of DD3R, and its adsorption behaviour. As a function of temperature, bulky molecules (methane) show activated permeation, weakly adsorbing molecules decreasing permeation behaviour and strongly adsorbing molecules pass through a maximum. Counter diffusion of the sweep gas (helium) ranged from almost zero up to the order of the feed gas permeation and was strongly influenced by the adsorption of the feed gas.

DD3R membranes have excellent separation performance for carbon dioxide/methane mixtures (selectivity 100–3000), exhibit good selectivity for nitrogen/methane (20–45), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide/air (20–400), and air/krypton (5–10) and only a modest selectivity for oxygen/nitrogen (2) separation. The selectivity of mixtures of a strongly and a weakly adsorbing component decreased with increasing temperature and pressure. The selectivity of mixtures of weakly adsorbing components was independent of pressure.

The permeation and separation characteristics of light gases through DD3R membranes can be explained by taking into account: (1) steric effects introduced by the window opening of DD3R leading to molecular sieving and activated transport, (2) competitive adsorption effects, as observed for mixtures involving strongly adsorbing gases, and (3) interaction between diffusing molecules in the cages of the zeolite.     

Alkaline treatment of iron-containing MFI zeolites. Influence on mesoporosity development and iron speciation

The effects of alkaline treatment on the mesoporosity development and iron speciation in Fe-MFI zeolites have been investigated. To this end, a variety of samples derived from different synthetic routes and having distinct Si/Al ratios and Fe content were treated in NaOH solutions and characterized by N2 adsorption, SEM, TEM, UV/vis spectroscopy, and EPR. The alkaline treatment induces a significant intracrystalline mesoporosity development by framework silicon extraction and promotes disintegration of oligomeric iron species. Iron in framework positions has shown to provoke mesopore formation, whereas nonframework iron species suppresses silicon leaching and lowers the extent of extra porosity.     

ICP-AES法测定色漆可溶性金属含量

用ICP-AES法测定了色漆中的“可溶性”金属铬、镉、铅元素，考察了不同酸度对分析结果的影响，优化了测试条件。进行了回收率和精密度试验。并用原子吸收光谱国标方法进行对照，结果一致。     

TiO2 nanoparticles in mesoporous TUD-1: synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic performance in propane oxidation

A series of TiO2-TUD-1 samples was synthesized with a variable Ti loading in the range Si/Ti = 100, 20, 2.5, and 1.6, by using a one-pot surfactant-free procedure. The materials obtained were characterized by elemental analysis; X-ray diffraction (XRD); N2 sorption measurements; high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM); 29Si NMR, UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy. As a function of increasing metal loading either isolated Ti atoms, or (above a Ti loading of approximately 2.5 wt- %) combinations of isolated Ti atoms and anatase (TiO2) nanoparticles were obtained; both were incorporated in the highly porous siliceous matrix. The photocatalytic performance of these materials was tested by studying the propane oxidation process following irradiation at lambda = 365 nm, selectively activating the anatase nanoparticles. In comparison to commercial anatase powder, TiO2 nanoparticles in TUD-1 showed high photochemical selectivity towards acetone, the sample with a Si/Ti ratio of 1.6 being the most selective. Size and confinement effects are consistent with the difference in performance of the TUD-1 materials and TiO2, limiting the number of electron transfers available for each propane molecule.     

X-ray photoelectron (ESCA) spectra of some fluorine containing aluminas

The binding energies of the F(1s) and Al(2p) electrons in fluorine containing alumina catalysts are reported. The X-ray photoelectron peaks confirm the formation of a bulk phase of AlF₃ at higher fluorine contents, whereas the fluorine signals at lower percentages originate from surface groups which are substituted by fluorine. By comparing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with X-ray diffraction we conclude that the combination of these techniques is a potential tool in detecting crystals on a catalyst surface which have a size under the detection limit of X-ray diffraction.

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