Some examples and the connection between cylindrical measures and measurable norms

In this paper, we construct an example of a cylindrical measure μ and a norm ‖·‖ such that ∥·∥ is μ-measurable by Dudley et al. and not μ-measurable by Gross and moreover is γ-measurable.     

Flexible strategy for syntheses of spirooxindoles using palladium-catalyzed carbosilylation and Sakurai-type cyclization

The intramolecular carbosilylation of N-[2-(1,3-butenyl)aryl]carbamoyl chloride has been investigated. The reaction with hexamethyldisilane proceeds smoothly in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Pd(η(3)-allyl)Cl](2) to give oxindoles with an allylsilane functional group in good yield. The subsequent subjection of the products to a Sakurai-type reaction provides more advanced tricyclic spirooxindoles by controlling the stereochemistry of three contiguous stereogenic centers.     

Two kinds of positive holes in YBa2Cu3O7-δ around Tc through the analysis of the hall effect in weak field

Abstract

To obtain information about the mechanism of high T_c superconductivity in YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) the dependence of Hall coefficient R_H and electrical resistivity ρ on the temperature were studied in range from 77 to 300K. An inflexion point θ was found to exist around 130K in R_H(T) and ρ(T) curves. Both the mobility μ and the concentration of the holes were evaluated above and below θ, separately. The μ of the holes dominant below θ was ten times greater than that above θ. The concentration of the heavy holes above θ was, however, one hundred times larger than that below θ. A discussion will be given in terms of the transport process of the holes drifting through P_[sgrave]- and P_σ-orbits on the CuO₂ planes in YBCO.     

Convenient synthesis of 2-benzazepines via radical cyclization

Synthesis of 2-benzazepines was readily achieved via 7-endo radical cyclization of N-o-bromobenzylitaconamides or N-o-bromobenzylmethacrylamides which were prepared in two steps from commercially available benzaldehydes, amines, and alpha,beta-unsaturated acids.     

Origin of the vertebrate visual cycle

In vertebrates, the absorption of light by rhodopsin leads to the isomerization of 11-cis-retinal chromophore to its all-trans form. In the visual cycle, all-trans retinal is converted back to 11-cis retinal. Mammalian visual cycle takes place in photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, while that of cephalopods is completed within a photoreceptor cell. To identify visual cycle system in the primitive chordate ascidians, we studied the localization of the ascidian visual cycle genes and proteins by in situ hybridization and whole-mount immunohistochemistry, respectively. We identified four genes encoding putative visual cycle proteins, homologs of retinal G protein-coupled receptor (Ci-opsin3), cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (Ci-CRALBP), beta-carotene 15,15'monooxygenase (Ci-BCO) and RPE-specific 65 kDa protein (Ci-RPE65) in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. In contrast to Ci-BCO, which is predominantly localized in ocellus photoreceptor cells of the larva, Ci-RPE65 is not significantly expressed in the ocellus and brain vesicle of the larva. Ci-RPE65 is expressed in the neural complex, a photoreceptor organ of the adult ascidian, at a level comparable with that of Ci-opsin3 and Ci-CRALBP. Proteins of Ci-opsin3, Ci-CRALBP and Ci-BCO are localized in photoreceptor cells. These results suggest that the larval visual cycle uses Ci-opsin3 as a photoisomerase, while the visual cycle of the adult photoreceptors is RPE65-dependent. The colocalization of visual cycle proteins in the photoreceptor cells suggest that ascidian visual cycle takes place in a photoreceptor cell as seen in the cephalopod visual cycle.     

Functional Analysis of the GPI Transamidase Complex by Screening for Amino Acid Mutations in Each Subunit

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor modification is a posttranslational modification of proteins that has been conserved in eukaryotes. The biosynthesis and transfer of GPI to proteins are carried out in the endoplasmic reticulum. Attachment of GPI to proteins is mediated by the GPI-transamidase (GPI-TA) complex, which recognizes and cleaves the C-terminal GPI attachment signal of precursor proteins. Then, GPI is transferred to the newly exposed C-terminus of the proteins. GPI-TA consists of five subunits: PIGK, GPAA1, PIGT, PIGS, and PIGU, and the absence of any subunit leads to the loss of activity. Here, we analyzed functionally important residues of the five subunits of GPI-TA by comparing conserved sequences among homologous proteins. In addition, we optimized the purification method for analyzing the structure of GPI-TA. Using purified GPI-TA, preliminary single particle images were obtained. Our results provide guidance for the structural and functional analysis of GPI-TA.     

Low-Temperature Synthesis of ITO Thin Films Using an Ultraviolet Laser for Conductive Coating on Organic Polymer Substrates

The resistivity of sol-gel-derived indium tin oxide (ITO) films effectively decreased with crystallization by exposure to a low fluence UV beam (10–20 mJ/cm²) from an ArF laser. The increase in temperature at the surface of the films was below 10°C under the irradiation condition. Thus, conductive and transparent ITO coatings were successfully obtained on polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide sheets using a sol-gel route assisted with an ultraviolet laser beam.