Principle of single and multiple time interval analysis applicable to radioactive nuclides with half-lives of millisecond order

A delayed coincidence method has been developed for the selective extraction of radionuclides with half-lives of millisecond order using a personal computer. The time interval analysis is fundamentally based on the distinction of the time interval distribution between the correlated and random events, which arise from radioactive disintegration and/or background events within a certain fixed time. Theoretical functions of a time spectrum or a time distribution curve were dealt with from aspects of statistical treatments consisting of a single time interval analysis and a multiple one (STA and MTA). The theoretical equations obtained were used to simulate time spectra on the assumption of some ideal data and compared with the experimental results. Conclusively, the MTA method has been verified to be more suitable for the selective extraction of the objective correlated events from random or background events for the search of radioactive nuclides with millisecond life-times.     

Synthesis of various silacycles via the lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular trans-hydrosilylation of unactivated alkynes

Various silacycles with vinylsilane framework are synthesized via the Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular hydrosilylation of alkynes. The cyclization proceeds in an endo-trans or/and in an exo-trans manner, depending on the substrate structure. This methodology is applicable to the synthesis of five-, six-, seven-, and eight-membered medium-sized silacycles. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a silole derivative via the intramolecular hydrosilylation of the ortho-alkynyl-substituted phenylsilane 10.     

Extraction—spectrophotometric determination of traces of thallium in lead,cadmium, indium and zinc metals with tri-n-octylamine

A sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of thallium in lead, cadmium, indium and zinc metals. Optimal conditions have been established for the extraction and determination of thallium. Thallium is extracted as its bromo complex with tri-n-octylamine and then converted to an iodo complex, the absorbance of which is measured at 400 nm. As little as 1 p.p.m. of thallium in lead, cadmium and zinc metals, and 2 p.p.m. of thallium in indium metal can be determined.     

Selective determination of antimony(III) and antimony(V) with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and dithizone by atomic-absorption spectrometry with a carbon-tube atomizer

The extraction behaviour of antimony(III) and antimony(V) with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and dithizone in organic solvents has been investigated by means of frameless atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with a carbon-tube atomizer. The selective extraction of antimony(III) and differential determination of antimony(III) and antimony(V) have been developed. With ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and methyl isobutyl ketone, when the aqueous phase/solvent volume ratio is 50 ml/10 ml and the injection volume in the carbon tube is 20 mul, the sensitivity for antimony is 0.2 ng/ml for 1% absorption. The relative standard deviations are ca. 2%. Interferences by many metal ions can be prevented by masking with EDTA. The proposed methods have been applied satisfactorily to determination of antimony(III) and antimony(V) in various types of water.     

Removal of chloride interference in the determination of chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization

Two mechanisms of chloride interference are described. The first arises from coordination of chloride to chromium(III), which can be prevented by addition of a masking agent such as tetraammonium—EDTA, The other is due to chloride salts remaining at the atomization step; this can be prevented by volatilizing the chlorides or converting them to oxides before atomization.     

Path integral calculation of thermal rate constants within the quantum instanton approximation: application to the H + CH4 --> H2 + CH3 hydrogen abstraction reaction in full Cartesian space

The quantum instanton approximation for thermal rate constants of chemical reactions [Miller, Zhao, Ceotto, and Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 1329 (2003)], which is modeled after the earlier semiclassical instanton approach, is applied to the hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane by a hydrogen atom, H + CH4 --> H2 + CH3, using a modified and recalibrated version of the Jordan-Gilbert potential surface. The quantum instanton rate is evaluated using path integral Monte Carlo approaches based on the recently proposed implementation schemes [Yamamoto and Miller, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3086 (2004)]. The calculations were carried out using the Cartesian coordinates of all the atoms (thus involving 18 degrees of freedom), thereby taking explicit account of rotational effects of the whole system and also allowing the equivalent treatment of the four methane hydrogens. To achieve such a treatment, we present extended forms of the path integral estimators for relevant quantities that may be used for general N-atom systems with any generalized reaction coordinates. The quantum instanton rates thus obtained for the temperature range T = 200-2000 K show good agreement with available experimental data, which gives support to the accuracy of the underlying potential surface used.     

Variable dimension algorithms: Basic theory,interpretations and extensions of some existing methods

In this paper we establish a basic theory for variable dimension algorithms which were originally developed for computing fixed points by Van der Laan and Talman. We introduce a new concept primal—dual pair of subdivided manifolds and by utilizing it we propose a basic model which will serve as a foundation for constructing a wide class of variable dimension algorithms. Our basic model furnishes interpretations to several existing methods: Lemke's algorithm for the linear complementarity problem, its extension to the nonlinear complementarity problem, a variable dimension algorithm on conical subdivisions and Merrill's algorithm. We shall present a method for solving systems of equations as an application of the second method and an efficient implementation of the fourth method to which our interpretation leads us. A method for constructing triangulations with an arbitrary refinement factor of mesh size is also proposed.