Impact of Taylor‐Aris diffusivity on analyte and system zone dispersion in CZE assessed by computer simulation and experimental validation

Application of pressure‐driven laminar flow has an impact on zone and boundary dispersion in open tubular CE. The GENTRANS dynamic simulator for electrophoresis was extended with Taylor‐Aris diffusivity which accounts for dispersion due to the parabolic flow profile associated with pressure‐driven flow. Effective diffusivity of analyte and system zones as functions of the capillary diameter and the amount of flow in comparison to molecular diffusion alone were studied for configurations with concomitant action of imposed hydrodynamic flow and electroosmosis. For selected examples under realistic experimental conditions, simulation data are compared with those monitored experimentally using modular CE setups featuring both capacitively coupled contactless conductivity and UV absorbance detection along a 50 μm id fused‐silica capillary of 90 cm total length. The data presented indicate that inclusion of flow profile based Taylor‐Aris diffusivity provides realistic simulation data for analyte and system peaks, particularly those monitored in CE with conductivity detection.     

Polythioether Particles Armored with Modifiable Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

Facile and scalable fabrication methods are attractive to prepare materials for diverse applications. Herein, a method is presented to prepare cross‐linked polymeric nanoparticles with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets covalently attached to the surface. Alkene‐modified GO serves as a surfactant in a miniemulsion polymerization, and the alkene functionalities of GO exposed to the oil‐phase are incorporated into the polymer particle through thiol‐ene reactions, leaving the unreacted alkene functional groups of the other face of GO available for further functionalization. The surface of GO‐armored polymer particles is then modified with a small molecule fluorophore or carboxylic acid functional groups that bind to Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanoparticles. This methodology provides a facile route to preparing complex hybrid composite materials.

     

Modeling of electroosmotic and electrophoretic mobilization in capillary and microchip isoelectric focusing

Our dynamic capillary electrophoresis model which uses material specific input data for estimation of electroosmosis was applied to investigate fundamental aspects of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in capillaries or microchannels made from bare fused-silica (FS), FS coated with a sulfonated polymer, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Input data were generated via determination of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) using buffers with varying pH and ionic strength. Two models are distinguished, one that neglects changes of ionic strength and one that includes the dependence between electroosmotic mobility and ionic strength. For each configuration, the models provide insight into the magnitude and dynamics of electroosmosis. The contribution of each electrophoretic zone to the net EOF is thereby visualized and the amount of EOF required for the detection of the zone structures at a particular location along the capillary, including at its end for MS detection, is predicted. For bare FS, PDMS and PMMA, simulations reveal that EOF is decreasing with time and that the entire IEF process is characterized by the asymptotic formation of a stationary steady-state zone configuration in which electrophoretic transport and electroosmotic zone displacement are opposite and of equal magnitude. The location of immobilization of the boundary between anolyte and most acidic carrier ampholyte is dependent on EOF, i.e. capillary material and anolyte. Overall time intervals for reaching this state in microchannels produced by PDMS and PMMA are predicted to be similar and about twice as long compared to uncoated FS. Additional mobilization for the detection of the entire pH gradient at the capillary end is required. Using concomitant electrophoretic mobilization with an acid as coanion in the catholyte is shown to provide sufficient additional cathodic transport for that purpose. FS capillaries dynamically double coated with polybrene and poly(vinylsulfonate) are predicted to provide sufficient electroosmotic pumping for detection of the entire IEF gradient at the cathodic column end.     

Exploiting nucleotidylyltransferases to prepare sugar nucleotides

[reaction: see text] Enzymatic approaches to prepare sugar nucleotides are gaining in importance and offer several advantages over chemical synthesis including high yields and stereospecificity. We report the cloning, expression, and purification of two new wild-type thymidylyltransferases and observed catalysis with a wide variety of substrates. Significant product inhibition was not observed with the enzymes studied over a 24 h period, enabling the efficient preparation of 15 sugar nucleotides, clearly demonstrating the synthetic utility of these biocatalysts.     

Experimental and theoretical description of the isotachophoretic behavior of serum albumin

The isotachophoretic behavior of serum albumin is examined for three anionic and one cationic electrolyte systems by (i) computer simulation, (ii) capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) and (iii) continuous flow ITP. The theoretical relationship between pH of the leading electrolyte and the steady state protein plateau concentration is presented for one of the anionic systems. With leading ion concentrations of the order of 10 mM, experimental protein plateau concentrations of 1.3-2.3% w/v are obtained. The computer predictions are approximately half these values.     

Parageometric outer automorphisms of free groups

We study those fully irreducible outer automorphisms of a finite rank free group which are parageometric, meaning that the attracting fixed point of  in the boundary of outer space is a geometric -tree with respect to the action of , but  itself is not a geometric outer automorphism in that it is not represented by a homeomorphism of a surface. Our main result shows that the expansion factor of is strictly larger than the expansion factor of . As corollaries (proved independently by Guirardel), the inverse of a parageometric outer automorphism is neither geometric nor parageometric, and a fully irreducible outer automorphism is geometric if and only if its attracting and repelling fixed points in the boundary of outer space are geometric -trees.

     

Zinc reduction of alkynes

The dissolving zinc metal reduction of ethyl phenylpropiolate to the corresponding cinnamate ester can be stereochemically controlled by changing the proton source in the reaction. The results of this study, while not fully understood, may imply that surface phenomena, coupled with a relatively slow forming equilibrium between the intermediate cis and trans anion or radical anion, competes with the rate determining protonation step in the mechanism.     

Use of Viscosity in Qualitative Analysis

There are many examples of undergraduate laboratory experiments that illustrate physical properties (i.e., melting point, boiling point, refractive index, density). There are relatively few examples of the use of viscometry in the freshman and sophomore laboratories. Moreover, the use of viscometry is usually treated in the same fashion as melting point determinations (comparison of the experimental viscosity to the literature value.)The experiment reported here describes a laboratory exercise that uses viscosity to illustrate the principles of an analytical method. Students prepare a standard curve comparing viscosity to the length of the carbon chain in a series of alcohols or alkanes. Students then measure the viscosity of an unknown straight-chained compound to determine its identity.The experiment is suitable for students in high school or in freshman- or sophomore-level college chemistry classes. The experiment gives students a greater understanding of both viscosity and the use of analytical methods to qualitatively explore an unknown compound.