全文获取类型
收费全文 | 21323篇 |
免费 | 190篇 |
国内免费 | 107篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 10878篇 |
晶体学 | 427篇 |
力学 | 611篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
数学 | 1860篇 |
物理学 | 7837篇 |
出版年
2017年 | 170篇 |
2016年 | 268篇 |
2015年 | 183篇 |
2014年 | 299篇 |
2013年 | 894篇 |
2012年 | 627篇 |
2011年 | 684篇 |
2010年 | 501篇 |
2009年 | 499篇 |
2008年 | 668篇 |
2007年 | 713篇 |
2006年 | 681篇 |
2005年 | 618篇 |
2004年 | 540篇 |
2003年 | 495篇 |
2002年 | 501篇 |
2001年 | 707篇 |
2000年 | 546篇 |
1999年 | 451篇 |
1998年 | 358篇 |
1997年 | 353篇 |
1996年 | 320篇 |
1995年 | 395篇 |
1994年 | 359篇 |
1993年 | 328篇 |
1992年 | 358篇 |
1991年 | 393篇 |
1990年 | 370篇 |
1989年 | 370篇 |
1988年 | 341篇 |
1987年 | 336篇 |
1986年 | 334篇 |
1985年 | 413篇 |
1984年 | 428篇 |
1983年 | 321篇 |
1982年 | 331篇 |
1981年 | 351篇 |
1980年 | 328篇 |
1979年 | 338篇 |
1978年 | 338篇 |
1977年 | 315篇 |
1976年 | 334篇 |
1975年 | 293篇 |
1974年 | 284篇 |
1973年 | 299篇 |
1972年 | 182篇 |
1969年 | 159篇 |
1968年 | 189篇 |
1967年 | 334篇 |
1966年 | 285篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
Y. Li S. Abeghyan K. Berndgen M. Baha-Shanjani G. Deron U. Englisch 《Synchrotron Radiation News》2015,28(3):23-28
The European X-ray free electron laser (EXFEL) facility is currently under construction [1]. Using the principle of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) [2, 3], intense FEL radiation is generated in three gap-tuneable undulator systems called SASE1, SASE2, and SASE3. The electron beam energy of the EXFEL is variable between 8.5 and 17.5 GeV. SASE1 and SASE2 are hard X-ray FELs using planar undulators with a period length of 40 mm, called U40s. By a suitable choice of the beam energy and undulator gap, the wavelength can be tuned from 0.05 to 0.4 nm. SASE3 is a soft X-ray FEL using planar undulators with a period length of 68 mm, called U68s. Under the same conditions, the wavelength can be tuned from 0.4 to 5.2 nm. 相似文献
992.
Towards a microchannel‐based X‐ray detector with two‐dimensional spatial and time resolution and high dynamic range 下载免费PDF全文
Bernhard W. Adams Anil U. Mane Jeffrey W. Elam Razib Obaid Matthew Wetstein Matthieu Chollet 《Journal of synchrotron radiation》2015,22(5):1202-1206
X‐ray detectors that combine two‐dimensional spatial resolution with a high time resolution are needed in numerous applications of synchrotron radiation. Most detectors with this combination of capabilities are based on semiconductor technology and are therefore limited in size. Furthermore, the time resolution is often realised through rapid time‐gating of the acquisition, followed by a slower readout. Here, a detector technology is realised based on relatively inexpensive microchannel plates that uses GHz waveform sampling for a millimeter‐scale spatial resolution and better than 100 ps time resolution. The technology is capable of continuous streaming of time‐ and location‐tagged events at rates greater than 107 events per cm2. Time‐gating can be used for improved dynamic range. 相似文献
993.
Christophe Berthon Françoise Foucher Tomás Morales 《Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations》2015,31(5):1396-1423
We consider the numerical approximation of the weak solutions of the two‐layer shallow‐water equations. The model under consideration is made of two usual one‐layer shallow‐water model coupled by nonconservative products. Because of the nonconservative products of the system, which couple both one‐layer shallow‐water subsystems, the usual numerical methods have to consider the full model. Of course, uncoupled numerical techniques, just involving finite volume schemes for the basic shallow‐water equations, are very attractive since they are very easy to implement and they are costless. Recently, a stable layer splitting technique was introduced [Bouchut and Morales de Luna, M2AN Math Model Numer Anal 42 (2008), 683–698]. In the same spirit, we exhibit new splitting technique, which is proved to be well balanced and non‐negative preserving. The main benefit issuing from the here derived uncoupled method is the ability to correctly approximate the solution of very severe benchmarks. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1396–1423, 2015 相似文献
994.
C. Amsler F. H. Heinsius H. Koch B. Kopf U. Kurilla C. A. Meyer K. Peters J. Pychy M. Steinke U. Wiedner 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2015,75(3):124
The spin density matrix of the \(\omega \) has been determined for the reaction \({\bar{p}p}\,\rightarrow \,\omega \pi ^0\) with unpolarized in-flight data measured by the Crystal Barrel LEAR experiment at CERN. The two main decay modes of the \(\omega \) into \(\pi ^0 \gamma \) and \(\pi ^+ \pi ^- \pi ^0\) have been separately analyzed for various \({\bar{p}}\)momenta between 600 and 1940 MeV/c. The results obtained with the usual method by extracting the matrix elements via the \(\omega \) decay angular distributions and with the more sophisticated method via a full partial wave analysis are in good agreement. A strong spin alignment of the \(\omega \) is clearly visible in this energy regime and all individual spin density matrix elements exhibit an oscillatory dependence on the production angle. In addition, the largest contributing orbital angular momentum of the \({\bar{p}p~}\)system has been identified for the different beam momenta. It increases from \(L^{max}_{{\bar{p}p~}}\) \(=\) 2 at 600 MeV/c to \(L^{max}_{{\bar{p}p~}}\) \(=\) 5 at 1940 MeV/c. 相似文献
995.
Coupled-cluster investigations (CCSD/cc-pVDZ and CCSD/cc-pVQZ//CCSD/cc-pVDZ) of singlet cyclobutadiene and fifteen-substituted analogs were conducted. A local minimum with a square frame does not exist on their potential surfaces. The well-known rectangular D2h minimum, the square D4h transition state, and two additional stationary points were found on cyclobutadiene’s potential surface. This included a transition state with a rhombic carbon ring and C2h symmetry, separating two equivalent puckered C2v local minima. The predicted barriers were 19.7 and 19.8 kcal/mol at the CCSD/cc-pVDZ and CCSD/cc-pVQZ//CCSD/cc-pVDZ levels, respectively. The relative strain energies of rectangular D2h cyclobutadiene and all fifteen-substituted analogs were obtained from isodesmic reactions. Progressive substitution with methyl or BH2 groups continuously lowers ring strain while increasing substitution with fluorines or trifluoromethyl groups steadily increases ring strain. C4(BH2)4 is 16.6 and 13.3 kcal/mol less strained than cyclobutadiene while C4F4 is 17.7 and 21.5 kcal/mol more strained at the levels above. Cyclobutadiene is more strained than both cyclopropene and cyclobutene by 12.2 and 37.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Electron density contours indicate that fluorine substitution raised the electron density especially in the short C=C ring bonds above/below the ring plane (π-electrons) but not in the ring plane (σ-electrons). BH2-substitutions lower the ring π-electron density with little effect in the ring plane. Methyl substituents have little effect on electron densities. All rings retain a strong bond alternation tendency (rectangular) whether substituted with electron-donating or -attracting groups. One-bond coupling constants and the percent p-character in ring C-to-C and C-to-substituent bonds are described. 相似文献
996.
S. Hussain I. U. Khan M. Akkurt S. Ahmad M. N. Tahir 《Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry》2014,40(9):686-694
Two novel homobinuclear ytterbium(III) complexes, [Yb2(2AMB)6(H2O)4] · 2C2H6O (I) and Yb2(3AMB)6(H2O)4] · 3H2O (II) (2AMB = 2-aminobenzoic acid, 3AMB = 3-aminobenzoic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray crystallography (CIF files CCDC nos. 950103 (I), 921652 (II)). Complex I crystallizes in triclinic space group \(P\bar 1\) and complex II crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n. X-ray analysis shows that both complexes (I, II) have the dinuclear structure. The central Yb3+ ions in both complexes are eight-coordinated adopting distorted YbO8 dodecahedral geometry. Each Yb3+ ion is coordinated to two O atoms from bridging carboxylate, four O atoms from the chelating carboxylate ligands and two O atoms of water molecules. The crystal structure of I and II are stabilized by N-H…O, O-H…O, O-H…N, and C-H…O hydrogen bonds, C-H…π interactions and weak π-π stacking interactions. 相似文献
997.
Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Cyclic Homooligomers from Pyranoid ε‐Sugar Amino Acids 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Andrés Feher‐Voelger Jorge Borges‐González Dr. Romen Carrillo Dr. Ezequiel Q. Morales Dr. Javier González‐Platas Dr. Tomás Martín 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,20(14):4007-4022
New pyranoid ε‐sugar amino acids were designed as building blocks, in which the carboxylic acid and the amine groups were placed in positions C2 and C3 with respect to the tetrahydropyran oxygen atom. By using standard solution‐phase coupling procedures, cyclic homooligomers containing pyranoid ε‐sugar amino acids were synthesized. Conformation analysis was performed by using NMR spectroscopic experiments, FTIR spectroscopic studies, X‐ray analysis, and a theoretical conformation search. These studies reveal that the presence of a methoxy group in the position C4 of the pyran ring produces an important structural change in the cyclodipeptides. When the methoxy groups are present, the structure collapses through interresidue hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the pyran ring and the amide protons. However, when the cyclodipeptide lacks the methoxy groups, a U‐shape structure is adopted, in which there is a hydrophilic concave face with four oxygen atoms and two amide protons directed toward the center of the cavity. Additionally, we found important evidence of the key role played by weak electrostatic interactions, such as the five‐membered hydrogen‐bonded pseudocycles (C5) between the amide protons and the ether oxygen atoms, in the conformation equilibrium of the macrocycles and in the cyclization step of the cyclic tetrapeptides. 相似文献
998.
Ivanei Ferreira Pinheiro Ana Rita Morales Lucia H. Mei 《Cellulose (London, England)》2014,21(6):4381-4391
In this work, polymeric biocomposites of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, were reinforced with Munguba fibers (Pseudobombax munguba). This tree is found in great abundance in the marshy areas of the Amazon forest. The motivation for using this fiber in polymer composites comes from the fact that although research for this fiber has not been reported in the scientific literature, it is commonly used by the local population because its bark is strong and flexible. Most important is that the extraction of Munguba fibers does not damage the supplier tree because as it is extracted from the bark, its regeneration starts as it is removed. The fibers were chemically treated by mercerization/acetylation and evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and tensile tests. The Munguba fiber presented mechanical properties similar to those of other natural fibers traditionally used in composites, and the chemical treatment provided improvements of its thermal stability and stiffness. The biocomposites showed a better elastic modulus in relation to the pure PBAT. The addition of fibers caused changes in the T g, T m and T c of PBAT as observed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The Russel, Halpin-Tsai and Maxwell models were employed to provide the theoretical elastic modulus of the biocomposites. 相似文献
999.
Inside Cover: Fluoride‐Bridged {GdIII3MIII2} (M=Cr,Fe, Ga) Molecular Magnetic Refrigerants (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 9/2014) 下载免费PDF全文
1000.
Sustainable Three‐Component Synthesis of Isothioureas from Isocyanides,Thiosulfonates, and Amines 下载免费PDF全文
Pieter Mampuys Dr. Yanping Zhu Dr. Tjøstil Vlaar Dr. Eelco Ruijter Prof. Dr. Romano V. A. Orru Prof. Dr. Bert U. W. Maes 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(47):12849-12854
Multiple applications of isothioureas as fine chemicals (or their precursors) are known, but a general sustainable method for their synthesis was hitherto unavailable. We report a novel general approach towards S‐alkyl and S‐aryl isothioureas through a copper(I)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction between amines, isocyanides, and thiosulfonates. The formal synthesis of a superpotent sweetener further illustrates the applicability of our method. 相似文献