Procedures for Db chemical characterization in off-line experiments

A new procedure to isolate carrier-free isotopes of Nb and Ta after a 12-MeV proton bombardment of a natural Hf foil has been considered. The cross section of the corresponding ^natHf(p,x)¹⁷⁹Ta reaction has been estimated for the first time as 5.4?±?0.5 mb. The isotopes that were produced were subsequently used for development of procedures for the chemical characterization of element 105 (Db). HF/HNO₃ and HNO₃/H₂O₂ media have been chosen and the parameters of the experiments have been optimized. Based on the results obtained in this work, off-line experimental procedures have been proposed for the evaluation of the chemical behavior of Db.     

The Nano-Jackhammer effect in probing near-surface mechanical properties

Because of its ease of implementation and insensitivity to indenter drift, dynamic indentation techniques have been frequently used to measure mechanical properties of bulk and thin film materials as a function of indenter displacement. However, the actual effect of the oscillating tip on the material response has not been examined. Recently, it has been shown that the oscillation used with dynamic indentation techniques alters the measured hardness value of ductile metallic materials, especially at depths less than 200 nm. The alteration in the hardness is due to the added energy associated with the oscillation which assists dislocation nucleation. Atomistic simulations on nickel thin films agree with experiments that more dislocations are nucleated during dynamic indents than with quasi-static indents. Through the analysis of quasi-static and dynamic indents made into nickel single crystals and thin films, a theory to describe this phenomenon is presented. This is coined the Nano-Jackhammer effect, a combination of dislocation nucleation and strain rate sensitivity caused by indentation with a superimposed dynamic oscillation.     

Can Crude Oil Exploration Influence the Phytochemicals and Bioactivity of Medicinal Plants? A Case of Nigerian Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum

The Nigerian Niger-Delta crude oil exploration often results in spills that affect indigenous medicinal plant biodiversity, likely changing the phytochemical profile of surviving species, their bioactivity or toxicity. In crude oil-rich Kokori and crude oil-free Abraka, classic examples of indigenous plants occupying the medicine-food interface include Vernonia amygdalina (VAL) and Ocimum gratissimum leaves (OGL). These plants are frequently utilised during pregnancy and in anaemia. To date, no scientific investigation has been reported on the potential changes to the phytochemical or bioactivity of the study plants. To discuss the similarities and dissimilarities in antisickling bioactivity and phytochemicals in VAL and OGL collected from Kokori (VAL-KK and OGL-KK) and Abraka (VAL-AB and OGL-AB), in silico, in vitro and comparative UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis was performed. Nine unique compounds were identified in OGL-KK, which have never been reported in the literature, while differences in antisickling potentials were observed in VAL-KK, OGL-KK and, VAL-AB, OGL-AB. Our findings show that VAL-AB and OGL-AB are richer and more diverse in phytochemicals and displayed a slightly higher antisickling activity than VAL-KK and OGL-KK. Ligand-based pharmacophore modelling was performed to understand the potential compounds better; this study may provide a basis for explaining the effect of crude oil spills on secondary metabolites and a reference for further research.     

Approach to equilibrium after dilution of a monomer/dimer mixture. Measurement of the rate constant for dissociation of trityl dimer by stopped-flow methods

A general expression is derived for the approach to a new equilibrium when a monomer/dimer solution is diluted by a factor of n. The error introduced by a simple exponential treatment is analyzed. The response of a trityl monomer/dimer equilibrium to dilution by a factor of two in a stopped-flow apparatus has been used to measure the rate constant k₁₁. The results fall on the same Eyring plot with those obtained at lower temperatures, by another method, in the early 1930's by Ziegler and co-workers. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.      

Spectrofluorimetric determination of malic acid with β-naphthol

A detailed study of the spectrofluorimetric determination of malic acid by reaction with /gb-naphthol is reported. As little as 0.1 /smg of malic acid can be determined. The optimum concentration of sulfuric acid is 80% (v/v). The interferences of citric, succinic and tartaric acids are discussed.     

Categorical perception of conspecific communication sounds by Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata

Field studies indicate that Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) communication signals vary with the social situation in which they occur [S. Green, "Variation of vocal pattern with social situation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): A field study," in Primate Behavior, edited by L. A. Rosenblum (Academic, New York, 1975), Vol. 4]. A significant acoustic property of the contact calls produced by these primates is the temporal position of a frequency peak within the vocalization, that is, an inflection from rising to falling frequency [May et al., "Significant features of Japanese macaque communication sounds: A psychophysical study," Anim. Behav. 36, 1432-1444 (1988)]. The experiments reported here are based on the hypothesis that Japanese macaques derive meaning from this temporally graded feature by parceling the acoustic variation inherent in natural contact calls into two functional categories, and thus exhibit behavior that is analogous to the categorical perception of speech sounds by humans. To test this hypothesis, Japanese macaques were trained to classify natural contact calls by performing operant responses that signified either an early or late frequency peak position. Then, the subjects were tested in a series of experiments that required them to generalize this behavior to synthetic calls representing a continuum of peak positions. Demonstration of the classical perceptual effects noted for human listeners suggests that categorical perception reflects a principle of auditory information processing that influences the perception of sounds in the communication systems not only of humans, but of animals as well.     

A chlorate ion-selective electrode based on a poly(vinyl chloride)-matrix membrane

An electrode has been prepared, consisting of a PVC membrane containing Corning 477316 nitrate liquid ion-exchanger in the chlorate form, which responds to chlorate ions. It has a faster response (1-2 sec) and lower limit of detection (3 x 10(-5)M) than the nitrate electrode for chlorate determination. Selectivity coefficients for the electrode towards several other ions have been measured.