Fe3O4@S‐ABENZ@VO: Magnetically separable nanocatalyst for the efficient,selective and mild oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of thiols

Oxovanadium(IV) immobilized on Fe₃O₄@S‐ABEN is reported as a highly efficient nanocatalyst for the oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of thiols (using H₂O₂ as green oxidant), the products of which are obtained in high to excellent yields. The products can be separated by a simple extraction with organic solvent and the catalyst is highly efficient, especially in terms of selectivity of desired product. The catalytic system can be recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity.     

Pd(0)‐ S‐propyl‐2‐aminobenzothioate immobilized onto functionalized magnetic nanoporous MCM‐41 as efficient and recyclable nanocatalyst for the Suzuki,Stille and Heck cross coupling reactions

The present work describes the use of Pd(0)‐ S‐propyl‐2‐aminobenzothioate Complex immobilized onto functionalized magnetic nanoporous MCM‐41(Fe₃O₄@MCM‐41@Pd‐SPATB) as efficient and recyclable nano‐organometallic catalyst for C–C bond formation between various aryl halides with phenylboronic acid (Suzuki reaction), aryl halides with triphenyltin chloride (Stille reaction), and aryl halides with n‐butyl acrylate (Heck reaction). All the reactions were carried out in PEG‐400 as green solvent with short reaction time and good to excellent yields. This catalyst was characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, VSM, ICP‐OES, TEM, EDX and SEM techniques. Ease of operation, high efficiency, recovery and reusability for five continuous cycles without significant loss of its catalytic activities or metal leaching are the noteworthy features of the currently employed heterogeneous catalytic system.     

Anchoring Ni (II) on Fe3O4@tryptophan: A recyclable,green and extremely efficient magnetic nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles and chemoselective oxidation of sulfides and thiols

A green, novel and extremely efficient nanocatalyst was successfully synthesized by the immobilization of Ni as a transition metal on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with tryptophan. This nanostructured material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and X‐ray diffraction. The prepared nanocatalyst was applied for the oxidation of sulfides, oxidative coupling of thiols and synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles. The use of non‐toxic, green and inexpensive materials, easy separation of magnetic nanoparticles from a reaction mixture using a magnetic field, efficient and one‐pot synthesis, and high yields of products are the most important advantages of this nanocatalyst.     

Immobilized palladium on modified magnetic nanoparticles and study of its catalytic activity in suzuki–miyaura C–C coupling reaction

A new magnetically reusable nanosolid, Fe₃O₄@PPCA@Pd(0) (PPCA = piperidine‐4‐carboxylic acid), as a versatile and highly effective catalyst was fabricated and characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared and energy‐dispersive spectroscopies and vibrating sample magnetometry. This nanosolid shows great catalytic activity for the synthesis of biphenyl compounds in short reaction times and with high yields. The magnetic character of this catalyst allows retrieval and multiple uses without appreciable loss of its catalytic activity. Our system not only solves the basic problems of catalyst separation and recovery, but also the reactions can be performed in green media. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of Pd‐2A3HP‐MCM‐41 to the Suzuki,Heck and Stille coupling reactions and synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles

An ecofriendly heterogeneous catalyst has been synthesized by anchoring palladium onto the surface of organically modified mesoporous silica. The prepared catalyst was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, inductively coupled plasma and thermogravimetric techniques. The catalyst shows high activity in the Suzuki, Heck and Stille cross‐coupling reactions and the synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles from sodium azide (NaN₃). These methods have the advantages of high yields, green reaction conditions, simple methodology and easy separation and workup. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Oxo‐vanadium(IV) Schiff base complex supported on modified MCM‐41: a reusable and efficient catalyst for the oxidation of sulfides and oxidative S–S coupling of thiols

Oxo‐vanadium(IV) Schiff base complex supported on MCM‐41 as an organic–inorganic hybrid heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized with post‐grafting of MCM‐41 with 3‐aminoropropyltrimethoxysilane and subsequent reaction with 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and then complexation with oxo‐vanadium acetylacetonate salt. The catalyst was analysed using a series of characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen absorption isotherm, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The data collected provided evidence that the vanadium complex was anchored onto MCM‐41. High catalytic activity of this catalyst was observed in the oxidation of various sulfides and thiols (into sulfoxides and disulfides, respectively) with urea hydrogen peroxide as oxidant in high to excellent yields and selectivity under mild conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered easily and reused several times without significant loss in catalytic activity and selectivity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization of copper ions onto α‐amidotriazole‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and their application in the synthesis of triazole derivatives in water

A new heterogeneous copper catalyst was synthesized by immobilization of copper ions onto magnetic nanoparticles with a new ligand based on triazole. The catalyst was characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and thermogravimetric, elemental and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analyses. The results confirmed that a good level of organic groups was immobilized on the magnetic nanoparticles. Huisgen cycloaddition reaction was chosen as a model reaction for the investigation of catalyst activity under green conditions. Phenylacetylene and benzyl bromide derivatives were used for the synthesis of triazoles. The reaction proceeded with good to excellent yields for various alkynes and alkyl halides. To investigate catalyst activity for inactive alkynes, aliphatic alkynes were used in the model reaction. The corresponding triazoles were obtained in good to excellent yields and a high regioselectivity for products was obtained. The catalyst was easily separated using an external magnetic field and subsequently reused in ten reaction cycles without any loss of catalytic activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A toolbox of HSQC experiments for small molecules at high 13C‐enrichment. Artifact‐free,fully 13C‐homodecoupled and JCC‐encoding pulse sequences

A set of modified HSQC experiments designed for the study of ¹³C‐enriched small molecules is introduced. It includes an improved sensitivity‐enhanced HSQC experiment eliminating signal artifacts because of high‐order ¹³C magnetization terms generated at high ¹³C enrichment. A broadband homonuclear ¹³C decoupling sequence based on Zangger and Sterk's method simplifies the complex ¹³C–¹³C multiplet structure in the F1 dimension of HSQC. When recording spectra at high resolution, the combination with a multiple‐site modulation of the selective pulse outperforms the constant‐time HSQC in terms of sensitivity and reliability. Finally, two pulse sequences reintroducing selected J_CC couplings with selective pulses facilitate their assignments and measurements either in the splitting of the resulting doublets or by modulation of the signal amplitude. A sample of uniformly 92% ¹³C‐enriched cholesterol is used as an example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure and Dynamic of Three Indole Alkaloids from the Campylospermum Genus (Ochnaceae)

A new indole alkaloid, calanthumindole ( 4 ), and three known biflavonoids, amentoflavone, sequoiaflavone, and podoscarpusflavone B, were isolated from Campylospermum calanthum (Ochnaceae). Calanthumindole is a new indole alkaloid of the serotobenine family characterized by the presence of a C?C bond between atoms C(7′) and C(8′) of the furan ring. This is the first compound to have a fully unsaturated furan ring among the members of this family. The combination of NMR and DFT allowed the determination and comparison of the 3D structures and relevant conformational characteristics of serotobenine ( 1 ), flavumindole ( 2 ), and calanthumindole ( 4 ).     

Maximum order of trees and bipartite graphs with a given rank

The rank of a graph is that of its adjacency matrix. A graph is called reduced if it has no isolated vertices and no two vertices with the same set of neighbors. We determine the maximum order of reduced trees as well as bipartite graphs with a given rank and characterize those graphs achieving the maximum order.