Suppression of hysteresis in a forced van der Pol–Duffing oscillator

This paper examines the suppression of hysteresis in a forced nonlinear self-sustained oscillator near the fundamental resonance. The suppression is studied by applying a rapid forcing on the oscillator. Analytical treatment based on perturbation analysis is performed to capture the entrainment zone, the quasiperiodic modulation domain and the hysteresis area as well. The analysis leads to a strategy for the suppression of hysteresis occurring between 1:1 frequency-locked motion and quasiperiodic response. This hysteresis suppression causes the disappearance of nonlinear effects leading to a smooth transition between the quasiperiodic and the frequency-locked responses. Specifically, it appears that a rapid forcing introduces additional apparent nonlinear stiffness which can effectively suppress hysteresis in a certain range of the rapid excitation frequency. This work was motivated by the important issue of controlling and eliminating hysteresis often undesirable in mechanical systems, in general, and in application to microscale devices, especially.     

Finite element analysis of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a heat generation fluid over a surface embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium in the presence of chemical reaction

An analysis is carried out to study the flow, chemical reaction and mass transfer of a steady laminar boundary layer of an electrically conducting and heat generating fluid driven by a continuously moving porous surface embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium in the presence of a transfer magnetic field. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by similarity transformation and are solved numerically by using the finite element method. The results obtained are presented graphically for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, as well as the Sherwood number for various parameters entering into the problem.     

Theoretical and experimental investigations of complexation with BF3.Et2O effects on electronic structures,energies and photophysical properties of Anil and tetraphenyl (hydroxyl) imidazol

The novel compounds (E)‐2‐(((4‐hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol, Tetraphenyl (hydroxyl) imidazole and their corresponding Boron difluoride complexes were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Density functional theory calculations at B3LYP‐D3/6–311++G (d, p) level of theory were performed for the geometric parameters. The MEP surface studies were used to understand the behavior of molecules in terms of charge transfer and to determine how these molecules interact. We used the GIAO and the B3LYP‐D3 with a 6–311++ G (d, p) basis set to simulate the (¹H‐NMR and ¹⁹F‐NMR) and the IR spectra, respectively. The corresponding calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugation interaction and charge delocalization were analyzed using NBO analysis. FMOs revealed the occurrence of charge transfer within the molecule. The complexation using BF₃.Et₂O was also found to have remarkable effects on the electrochemical properties of the studied molecules, where (b) and (d) present lower chemical stability, higher reactivity and higher polarizability than (a) and (c), respectively. Moreover, the energy gap of (a) and (c) decreased after complexation using BF₃.Et₂O, indicating the reliability of the electrochemical evaluation of LUMO and HOMO energy levels. These values are the factors explaining the possible charge transfer interaction within the molecule. The absorption and emission spectra of the model compound were also simulated and compared to experimental observations in the DMF solvent. The results of DFT calculations supported the structural and spectroscopic data and confirmed the structure modification of frontier molecular orbitals for BF₂ complexes as well as tunable potentials and energy levels.     

Modified helium pulse-operated microwave induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of liquid samples

To minimize problems caused by sample introduction into helium pulse operated microwave-induced plasma (He-pulsed-MIP), a simple plasma torch was developed. This torch is constructed from commonly available components with an absolute minimum of machining. In this torch, plasma is kept operating by partially isolating it from the rest of the plasma (within the plasma chamber). This auxiliary plasma is by-passed during sample or solvent injection and is therefore not affected. The design of this discharge chamber was thoroughly examined and each parameter affecting its analytical performance was evaluated. Measurements reported include effect of helium flow rate, discharge tube position and microwave power on analytical performance. Analytical calibration curves and detection limits data are shown for Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni and Zn. Plasma excitation temperature was determined using iron and copper as thermometric species. Finally, the present technique was applied to the analysis of real biological samples (liver, brain, heart, bone, kidney, tests, serum, spleen and muscles of white albino rats). The results were compared with those obtained using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

Sensitive Electrochemical Quantification of Proanthocyanidins in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) by Utilizing Disposable Screen-printed Carbon Electrodes

This work presents quantification of proanthocyanidins (PAs) isolated from grapevine using disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). Procyanidin B2 (B2) used as a model to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of complicated PAs structures in Britton Robinson buffer solution using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. B2 exhibits a well-defined reversible redox wave at +0.49 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Significantly, the B2 was determined over a linear concentration range of 3.45–34.6 μM with a detection limit of 2.07 μM. The SPCE was used to analyze PAs in grapevine samples, and the results were consistent with those obtained using Folin-Ciocalteu standard method.     

Mechanistic Insights into the Ameliorative Effect of Cichoriin on Diabetic Rats—Assisted with an In Silico Approach

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered to be a substantial socioeconomic burden worldwide on both patients and governments. Coumarins are biomolecules with a diversity of biological activities. The current investigation aimed to explore the ameliorative effects of cichoriin, which is a type of coumarin, on high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were allocated into five groups. Group I was considered as the control group, while the other groups were HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats. Group II was assigned as the diabetic control. Groups III and IV were treated with cichoriin (50 or 100 mg/kg, respectively). Group V received glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) (as a positive control). The blood glucose (BG), serum insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis of pancreatic tissue were performed. mRNA and protein expressions of GLUT4, AMPK, and PI3K were estimated. Results: Cichoriin treatment ameliorated HFD/STZ-induced diabetic conditions and mitigated the histopathological characteristics of the pancreas, as well as increasing pancreatic insulin expression. This decreased the levels of BG, TG, TC, and MDA and improved the TAC, catalase and SOD contents. Cichoriin demonstrated upregulation of mRNA and protein expressions of GLUT4, AMPK, and PI3K. The in silico binding of cichoriin with GLUT4, AMPK, and PI3K supported the possible current activities. Conclusion: Collectively, this work highlighted the potential role of cichoriin in mitigating HFD/STZ-induced diabetic conditions and showed it to be a valuable product.     

Correlation between thermal and mass spectral techniques for the characterization of allenylidene and carbene complexes

The fragmentation pathways of allenylidene and carbene complexes have been studied using FAB mass spectrometry in comparison with thermal analyses (TGA, DrTG and DTA). Both the decomposition modes are investigated and the possible fragmentation pathways are suggested. The use of mass and thermal analyses (TGA and DTA) in the analyses of allenylidene and carbene complexes allowed the characterization of the fragmentation pathways in MS. The major pathway includes successive loss of carbon monoxide followed by fragmentation of the organic part of the allenylidene or carbene molecules. This is also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where the first step involves the loss of carbon monoxide followed by the organic ligand. The nature of each step; exothermic or endothermic, is also studied using DTA technique. The kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition are also studied using the Coates-Redfern method.     

Gold(I)-dithioether supramolecular polymers: synthesis, characterization, and luminescence

A series of discrete compounds and supramolecular polymers were synthesized by self-assembly of dithioether building blocks and HAuCl4.3H2O. In complexes 1 {[AuL(1-Me)Cl], where L(1-Me) is bis(methylthio)methane} and 2 {[Au2L(2-Ph)Cl2], where L(2-Ph) is 1,2-bis(phenylthio)ethane}, adjacent units are connected via aurophilic interactions. Complex 1, a one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular polymer, and complex 2, a two-dimensional supramolecular network, both feature nearly linear [Au-Au-](infinity) chains. Complexes 4a, 4b, and 4c, all of which contain 1,3-bis(phenylthio)propane (L(3-Ph)), are polymorphs having the composition [Au2L(3-Ph)Cl2]. Complex 3 {[Au2L(1-Ph)Cl2], where L(1-Ph) is bis(phenylthio)methane}and complexes 4a and 4b consist of nearly identical 1D supramolecular polymers formed through Au-Au interactions. The third polymorph, 4c, is a molecular complex, as it does not have metal-metal interactions. Complex 5 {[Au2L(4-Ph)Cl2], where L(4-Ph) is 1,4-bis(phenylthio)butane} is also molecular. UV-vis spectra showed that the absorption bands of these complexes are allowed ligand-centered transitions between 230 and 260 nm. Complexes 1, 2, and 6 {[AuL(3-Me)Cl], where L(3-Me) is 1,3-bis(methylthio)propane} exhibited solid-state luminescence at 5 K with vibronic progressions and band maxima at approximately 570 nm. It is suggested that complex 6 contains [Au-Au-](infinity) chains.     

Validated spectrofluorometric methods for determination of amlodipine besylate in tablets

Two simple and sensitive spectrofluorometric methods have been developed and validated for determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) in tablets. The first method was based on the condensation reaction of AML with ninhydrin and phenylacetaldehyde in buffered medium (pH 7.0) resulting in formation of a green fluorescent product, which exhibits excitation and emission maxima at 375 and 480 nm, respectively. The second method was based on the reaction of AML with 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) in a buffered medium (pH 8.6) resulting in formation of a highly fluorescent product, which was measured fluorometrically at 535 nm (lambda(ex), 480 nm). The factors affecting the reactions were studied and optimized. Under the optimum reaction conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9949-0.9997) were found between the fluorescence intensity and the concentrations of AML in the concentration range of 0.35-1.8 and 0.55-3.0 microg ml(-1) for ninhydrin and NBD-Cl methods, respectively. The limits of assays detection were 0.09 and 0.16 microg ml(-1) for the first and second method, respectively. The precisions of the methods were satisfactory; the relative standard deviations were ranged from 1.69 to 1.98%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of AML in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy; the recovery percentages ranged from 100.4-100.8+/-1.70-2.32%. The results were compared favorably with those of the reported method.     

Ultraviolet cavity ringdown spectra and the S1(n,pi) ring-inversion potential energy function for 2-cyclohexen-1-one-d0 and Its 2,6,6-d3 isotopomer

The cavity ringdown spectra of 2-cyclohexen-1-one (2CHO) and its 2,6,6-d3 isotopomer (2CHO-d3) have been recorded in the spectral region near their S1(n,pi)<--S0 band origins which are at 26,081.3 and 26,075.3 cm-1, respectively. The data allow several of the quantum states of nu39, the ring inversion, to be determined for both the ground and excited electronic states. These were utilized to calculate the one-dimensional potential energy functions which best fit the data. The barriers to inversion for the S0 and S1(n,pi) states were found to be 1,900 +/- 300 and 3,550 +/- 500 cm-1, respectively. Density functional theory calculations predict values of 2,090 and 2,265 cm-1, respectively.