Loganin,loganic acid and periclymenoside,a new biosidic ester iridoid glucoside from Lonicera periclymenumL. (Caprifoliaceae)

Loganin ( 1 ), loganic acid ( 2 ), and periclymenoside ( 3 ) have been isolated from Lonicera periclymenum L . The structure of the new compound 3 and the identity of the others have been determined by chemical transformations and interpretation of the spectral data.     

Solvation numbers and hydration constant for thorium(IV) in ethanol-water medium

The solvation number and hydration constant of Th⁴⁺ in ethanol-water medium were determined at 25°C using UV-spectral and electrochemical measurements. A solvate formation equilibrium is demonstrated and characterized. Three molecules of ethanol (S) can bond to the metal cation with strengths comparable to that for H₂O to form ThS₃(H₂O) ₃ ⁴⁺ Formation of thorium monochelate with lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) eliminates bonding with alcohol molecules. The dissociation constant of the chelating agent_sK_a and the formation contant of the monochelated metal ion_sK _f ^* that are essentially independent of the solution composition are evaluated. Hydration titrations involving thorium-lawsone monochelate are performed and the data obtained from the changes of pH with solvent composition are analyzed. The solution independent constant,_sK _f ^* for thorium-lawsone complex formation in mixed aqueous ethanol is given by $$log_s K_f * = vpK_a + log_s K_h - log[LH] - vpH + 3logv$$ where vpK_a is the dissociation constant of the chelating agent LH in the solvent system of ν volume fraction of water and_sK_h is the solution-independent hydration constant of thorium (IV) in the solvent system. Log-values for the constants_sK_h,_sK _f ^* and_sK _a ^* are found to be 7.8±0.02, 11.38±0.04 and ?0.753, respectively.     

Equilibrium Studies of Binary and Ternary Complexes Involving Tricine and Some Selected α-Amino Acids

Summary. The formation equilibria for the binary complexes of Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II, Zn^II, Cd^II, Mn^II, Pb^II, Th^IV, UO₂^II, and Ce^III with tricine and for the ternary complexes involving some -amino acids (glycine, -alanine, proline, serine, asparagine, and aspartic acid) were investigated using pH-metric technique. The formation of binary and ternary complexes was inferred from the pH-metric titration curves. It was deduced that tricine acts as a primary ligand in the ternary complexes involving the monocarboxylic amino acids (glycine, -alanine, proline, serine, and asparagine), whereas it behaves as a secondary ligand in the ternary systems containing the dicarboxylic aspartic acid. The ternary complex formation was found to take place in a stepwise manner. The stability constants of the complexes formed in aqueous solutions were determined potentiometrically under the experimental conditions (t=25°C, I=0.1moldm^–3 NaNO₃). The order of stability of the ternary complexes in terms of the nature of the amino acids is investigated and discussed. The values of log K for the ternary complexes have been evaluated and discussed. Evaluation of the effects of ionic strength and temperature of the medium on the stability of the ternary system M^II-tricine--alanine (M^II=Co^II, Ni^II, and Cu^II) has been studied. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.     

A comparative study of the thermal reactivities of some transition metal oxalates in selected atmospheres

A comparative investigation has been made of the nonisothermal, solid-state thermal decompositions of the oxalates of six divalent transition metals (cations: manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc) in alternative flowing atmospheres, inert (N₂, CO₂), reducing (H₂) and oxidizing (air). Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) response peak maxima, providing a measure of reaction temperatures, have been used to determine salt reactivities and thus to characterize the factors that control the relative stabilities of this set of chemically related reactants. Two trends were identified. Trend (1): in the inert and reducing atmospheres, the decomposition temperature (salt stability) increased with rise in enthalpy of formation of the divalent transition metal oxide, MO. It is concluded that the rupture of the cation-oxygen (oxalate) bond is the parameter that determines the stability of salts within this set. Trend (2): the diminution of decomposition temperatures from values for reactions in inert/reducing atmosphere to those for reactions in an oxidizing atmosphere increased with the difference in formation enthalpy between MO and the other participating oxide (MO_3/2 or MO_1/2). The change of cation valence tended to promote reaction, most decompositions in O₂ occurred at lower temperatures, but the magnitude of the effect varied considerably within this set of reactants. Observed variations in stoichiometric and kinetic characteristics with reaction conditions are discussed, together with the mechanisms of thermal decompositions of these solid oxalates.This approach to the elucidation of crystolysis reaction mechanisms emphasizes the value of comparative investigations within the group of chemically related reactants. Previous isothermal kinetic studies had been made for each of the reactants selected here. From these, much has been learned about the form of the (isothermal) solid-state yield-time curves, often interpreted to provide information about the geometry of interface development for the individual rate processes. However, identification of the controls of reactivity, reaction initiation (nucleation) and advance (nucleus growth), is much more difficult to characterize and less progress has been made towards elucidation of the interface chemistry. The trends of reactivity changes with salt compositions, identified here, offer a complementary approach to that provided by the study of single salts. Much of the recent literature on thermal decompositions of solids has been concerned with individual reactants, but many results and conclusions are not presented in the widest possible perspective. Comparisons between systematically related reactants are identified here as providing a chemical context for the elucidation of the chemical steps that participate in interface reactions. The article advocates the use of a more chemical approach in investigations of crystolysis (solid-state chemical) reactions.     

Efficient RNase H-directed cleavage of RNA promoted by antisense DNA or 2'F-ANA constructs containing acyclic nucleotide inserts

The ability of modified antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) containing acyclic interresidue units to support RNase H-promoted cleavage of complementary RNA is described. Manipulation of the backbone and sugar geometries in these conformationally labile monomers shows great benefits in the enzymatic recognition of the nucleic acid hybrids, while highlighting the importance of local strand conformation on the hydrolytic efficiency of the enzyme more conclusively. Our results demonstrate that the duplexes support remarkably high levels of enzymatic degradation when treated with human RNase HII, making them efficient mimics of the native substrates. Furthermore, interesting linker-dependent modulation of enzymatic activity is observed during in vitro assays, suggesting a potential role for this AON class in an RNase H-dependent pathway of controlling RNA expression. Additionally, the butyl-modified 2'F-ANA AONs described in this work constitute the first examples of a nucleic acid species capable of eliciting high RNase H activity while possessing a highly flexible molecular architecture at predetermined sites along the AON.     

Synthesis and Preliminary Anti‐bacterial Activity of Some 4‐Substituted‐N1‐2‐pyridylsulfanilamide Derivatives

2‐Amino‐4‐ethoxycarbonylpyridine 1 was used as a starting material in the synthesis of some 4‐substituted‐N¹‐2‐pyridylsulfanilamide derivatives to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The obtained compounds were of no particular effect against the tested organisms except for a noticeable inhibition of B. subtilis, which was of varying extents but remained clearly significant.     

New Group 6 metal carbonyl derivatives of 2-(2'(-pyridyl)benzimidazole: synthesis and spectroscopic studies

Reaction of Cr(CO)(6) with 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (pbiH) under reduced pressure resulted in the formation of the dinuclear complex [Cr(2)(CO)(6)(pbiH)(2)]. Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of terminal and bridge Cr-CO bonds. Interaction of M(CO)(6), M=Cr, Mo and W, with pbiH in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) gave the tetracarbonyl complexes [M(CO)(4)(pbiH)].bpy. Spectroscopic studies of the complexes indicated the presence of hydrogen bonding between the bpy nitrogen and the NH group of pbiH. Reactions of M(CO)(6) with pbiH in the presence of PPh(3) gave the tricarbonyl monosubstituted derivatives [M(CO)(3)(PPh(3))(pbiH)]. The spectroscopic studies of the complexes suggested the proposed structures.     

1‐Methyl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f]quinolin‐6‐ium chloride monohydrate

The title compound, C₁₁H₁₀N₃⁺·Cl^?·H₂O, belongs to the N1‐methyl‐substituted imidazo­[4,5‐f]­quinoline family, in which the heterocyclic ring is protonated at the pyridine rather than at the imidazole N atom. The mol­ecule as a whole is almost exactly planar. The molecular structure has been compared with that of the 2‐amino analogue described in the literature, and it was found that the extra amino group of the latter is involved in conjugation with the adjacent double bond, i.e. the conjugation does not extend over the entire heterocyclic system. The cation of the title compound forms a strong hydrogen bond with the Cl^? anion and the anions are interconnected by the water solvent mol­ecule.     

ITSTUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF UREA ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF PMMA/PVC MIXTURES IN DMF BY A DILUTE- SOLUTION VISCOMETRY METHOD

The interaction between poly(methymethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied indilute urea solutions of dimethylformamide (DMF) at 28℃ using a dilute solution viscometry method. The results show thatthe polymer mixtures are compatible in DMF solution in the absence of urea. The influence of urea addition on the degree ofcompatibility of the polymer mixtures has been studied in terms of the compatibility parameters (△b_m and △[η]_m). It wasfound that the compatibility of the polymer mixtures is decreased with increasing urea addition, passing through a minimumat 0.5 M urea.     

Comparative study of catalytic activity of Pd loaded hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite in butan-2-ol conversion and methane oxidation

Palladium loaded calcium-hydroxyapatite, Pd(z)/CaHAp, and calcium-fluoroapatite, Pd(z)/CaFAp, were synthesised and characterised by TEM, XRD, IR and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopies. Introduction of palladium does not change the structure of CaHAp and CaFAp. The average size of PdO particles was found to be around 4–5 nm on Pd(1)/CaHAp but larger (6–7 nm) on Pd(1)/CaFap. The acid–base properties of the supports and of the catalysts were studied using butan-2-ol conversion. On CaHAp and CaFAp, the butenes yield (dehydration reaction) is very low either in the absence or in the presence of oxygen. The methyl ethyl ketone yield (dehydrogenation reaction) is significant only in the presence of oxygen and higher over CaFAp. Conversely, the performances of Pd(z)/CaHAp are better than those of Pd(z)/CaFAp below 180 °C. Above 180 °C, buta-2-ol combustion is favoured on Pd/CaHAp but not on Pd/CaFAp.

In methane oxidation, Pd(z)/CaHAp showed also a much larger activity than Pd(z)/CaFAp. On 2 wt% Pd loaded CaHAp, the methane oxidation reaches a conversion of almost 100% at 350 °C, which is comparable with the performance of conventional Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The reducibility of PdO under methane–oxygen mixtures is lower on Pd(z)/CaHAp. For both reactions, the lower activity of Pd(z)/CaFAp is related to its higher acidity, resulting from the substitution of OH⁻ by F⁻, and to the larger PdO particle size.