Small angle X-ray scattering study of an extremely elongated micelle system of CTAB-p-toluidine solution

Whenp-toluidine is added to an aqueous solution of CTAB, a remarkable increase of viscosity is accompanied by a spectacular elasticity. We detected the existence of extremely elongated rod-like micelles in electron micrographs. SAXS measurements indicate a closely packed array of cylindrical rod-like micelles, brought about when solutions flow through a thin capillary. A scattering maximum ofd=160 Å almost corresponds to the distance between the nearest neighbours of the cylindrical rod-like micelles. This value agrees with the diameter measured on electron micrographs. The second broad peak (d=75 Å) is assigned to a subsidiary maximum of the shape function of the cylinder with infinite length.     

Simultaneous determination of R- and S-prenylamine in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of R- and S-prenylamine in human plasma and urine is described. It involves a two-step liquid-liquid extraction of prenylamine from biological material and preparation of diastereomeric urea derivatives with R-(-)-naphthylethyl isocyanate, a chiral fluorescence marker. Separation and quantitation of the diastereomeric prenylamine derivatives are carried out by a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic system with fluorimetric detection. The limit of determination is less than 2 ng of enantiomer per ml of urine and less than 1 ng of enantiomer per ml of plasma. A preliminary kinetic study on one healthy volunteer who had received a single oral dose of racemic prenylamine (100-mg film tablet) showed distinctly higher plasma and urine concentrations of the R-enantiomer.     

Fluorometric determination of aromatic aldehydes with 1,2-Diaminonaphthalene

A new fluorometric method for the determination of aldehydes is presented. 1,2-Diaminonaphthalene reacts with aldehyde in dilute sulphuric acid to give a compound which fluoresces intensely in alkaline medium. The fluorescences produced from aromatic aldehydes in this method are fairly characteristic of individual aldehydes and their intensities are generally higher than those of fluorescences from aliphatic aldehydes. The only interference is from 2-oxo acids. The method may be suitable for the determination of aldehyde in complex samples.     

Birefringence induite dans les directions remarquables d'une suspension de particules rigides en ecoulement

A theoretical formula is derived for the flow birefringence exhibited along the streamlines and in the direction of the shear rate (G) by dilute suspensions of rigid spheroid-like macromolecules; numerical values are computed up to σ = G/D = 900 (D = rotary diffusion coefficient). These results provide two tests for identifying prolate and oblate particles; when combined with the data for observation perpendicular to the plane of flow, they confirm the connection between non-Newtonian viscosity and the Maxwell effect for monodisperse samples; for vanishing rate of shear, they allow a mixture of particles to be characterized by means of a mean rotary diffusion constant ($\text{D}$) and a mean shape coefficient ($\text{R}$).     

Energy funneling of IR photons captured by dendritic antennae and acceptor mode specificity: anti-stokes resonance raman studies on iron(III) porphyrin complexes with a poly(aryl ether) dendrimer framework

A series of poly(aryl ether) dendrimer chloroiron(III) porphyrin complexes (LnTPP)Fe(III)Cl (number of aryl layers [n]=3 to 5) were synthesized, and their Boltzmann temperatures under IR irradiation were evaluated from ratios of Stokes to anti-Stokes intensities of resonance Raman bands. While the Boltzmann temperature of neat solvent was unaltered by IR irradiation (LnTPP)Fe(III)Cl (n=3 to 5), all showed a temperature rise that was larger than that of the solvent and greater as the dendrimer framework was larger. Among vibrational modes of the metalloporphyrin core, the temperature rise of an axial Fe-Cl stretching mode at 355 cm-1 was larger than that for a porphyrin in-plane mode at 390 cm-1. Although most of the IR energy is captured by the phenyl nu8 mode at 1597 cm-1 of the dendrimer framework, an anti-Stokes Raman band of the phenyl nu8 mode was not detected, suggesting the extremely fast vibrational relaxation of the phenyl mode. From these observations, it is proposed that the energy of IR photons captured by the aryl dendrimer framework is transferred to the axial Fe-Cl bond of the iron porphyrin core and then relaxed to the porphyrin macrocycle.     

Evolution of antibodies for environmental monitoring: from mice to plants

Immunoassays are one of the most convenient methods for environmental monitoring, but have been limited so far by low yield and low affinity antibodies (Abs). With the advent of recombinant Ab (rAb) technology and the expression of these Abs in organisms such as yeast, bacteria, insects and plants, widespread monitoring of our food and environment for organic contaminants using immunoassays has become feasible. A multitude of immunoassays have been developed to detect pesticides in soils, ground and river water, foods and biological samples, such as urine and semen. In this paper, we describe advances in Ab production, the move away from using animals, phage-display technologies and the advent of plant-derived Ab expression systems. Finally, we describe future possibilities in Ab technology for environmental monitoring.     

Accurate and rapid estimation on spectral interferences in routine analysis by ICP-AES: use of mutual interference coefficients

A practical method to estimate spectral interferences and to select optimum analytical lines in ICP-AES is suggested. Depending on the matrix composition and the amounts of the analyte, the analytical lines suffering from little interferences and the limit of determination can be determined from calculation using spectral interference coefficients. For this calculation, the spectral interference coefficients, which are defined as apparent mass of the analyte equivalent to the spectral interference from unit mass of the interferent, are obtained experimentally for 639 emission lines of 68 elements. There is a good correlation between the coefficients obtained on two spectrometers having different resolutions.     

Liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of fosinoprilat in human serum using automated 96-well solid-phase extraction for sample preparation

A sensitive, specific, accurate and reproducible liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantitation of fosinoprilat in 0.2 mL of human serum. The method employed acidification (with pH 4.0 sodium acetate buffer) of the serum samples to minimize the hydrolysis of the prodrug fosinopril to fosinoprilat prior to purification by automated 96-well solid-phase extraction. The required chromatographic separation of fosinoprilat and fosinopril was achieved isocratically on a Luna C8 analytical column (2 x 50 mm, 3 microm). The total run time was 2 min. The mobile phase contained methanol and water with 10 mM ammonium acetate. Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The standard curve, which ranged from 2.00 to 500 ng/mL, was fitted to a 1/x(2) weighted linear regression model. Fosinoprilat quality control (QC) samples used to determine the accuracy and precision of the method were prepared in human serum at concentrations of 5.00, 200, 400 and 1000 ng/mL. The assay accuracy was within 8% (dev). The intra- and inter-assay precisions were within 6 and 3% (RSD), respectively. Fosinopril QC samples used to gauge the rate of hydrolysis of fosinopril to fosinoprilat during the assay procedure were prepared in human serum at 500 ng/mL. The hydrolysis of fosinopril to fosinoprilat was 相似文献   

Mild oxidation of alcohols with o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in water/acetone mixture in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin

A mild and efficient oxidation of alcohols with o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) catalyzed by beta-cyclodextrin in a water/acetone mixture (86:14) has been developed. A series of alcohols were oxidized at room temperature in excellent yields.     

A comparison between the SBR vulcanizates reinforced by magnesium methacrylate added directly or prepared in situ

The styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) cured by dicumyl peroxide was reinforced by magnesium methacrylate [Mg(MAA)₂], which was added into SBR directly or prepared in situ in SBR through the neutralization of magnesium oxide (MgO) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The experimental results show that the SBR vulcanizates reinforced by Mg(MAA)₂ prepared in situ have better mechanical properties than those reinforced by Mg(MAA)₂ added directly. The SBR vulcanizates with Mg(MAA)₂ prepared in situ are semi-transparent, but those with Mg(MAA)₂ added directly are opaque. The Fourier transform infrared analysis shows that the polymerization conversion of Mg(MAA)₂ in the SBR vulcanizates with Mg(MAA)₂ prepared in situ is much higher than that in the SBR vulcanizates with Mg(MAA)₂ added directly. The scan probe microscopy photographs show that the particles in the SBR vulcanizates with Mg(MAA)₂ prepared in situ are much finer and disperse more evenly than that in the SBR vulcanizates with Mg(MAA)₂ added directly.