Kinetics of ring-opening radical polymerization of vinyloxiranes

Ring-opening radical polymerization has been followed by the flash photolysis method. As an initiator radical, the arylthiyl radical (ArS^˙) was used; the addition reaction rate constants of ArS^˙ to vinyl monomer containing epoxy-ring such as vinyloxiranes have been determined at first. The rate constant of ring opening reaction of the adduct radical changing to ArSCH₂CH ? CROCH₂^˙ were determined in the form of the relative values, which were converted to the absolute values. The ring-opening reaction rate constants were ca. 10⁶ s^?1, which indicates that the ring-opening rates are faster than usual radical propagation rates. The rate constants for vinyl monomer with 5-member ring (1,4-epoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene) were similarly evaluated.     

Activation of silylphosphines by diethyl azodicarboxylate: novel silylation of alcohols

A novel activation mode of silylphosphines and an application of that to silylation of alcohols were described. Silylphosphines were found to be instantly activated by means of DEAD and PPTS to form reactive silyl cation equivalents. By using the activated species, silylation of alcohols successfully proceeded under mild acidic condition.     

Transition phenomenon of immersion-angle dependence of quartz crystal microbalance in Newtonian liquid

The present work reports the new effects of the immersion-angle dependence of the resonant-frequency shift (ΔF) of the one-face sealed quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in a Newtonian liquid. The immersion-angle dependence of ΔF appears below the sucrose concentration of 12 wt.%. However, we found that the transition phenomenon of ΔF occurs between 12 and 20 wt.% and then the immersion-angle dependence of ΔF disappears above 20 wt.% (finally, the ΔF values above 20 wt.% are equal to those of 90° in all immersion angles). In order to obtain further insights into the transition phenomenon and the disappearance of the immersion-angle dependence of ΔF, we investigated the immersion-angle dependence of the electrolytic solution, i.e., NaCl solution. This investigation indicated that this monovalent electrolytic solution causes the immersion-angle dependence but not the transition phenomenon and the disappearance of the immersion-angle dependence of ΔF. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the non-charge of the molecule is the important element to generate the transition phenomenon and the disappearance of the immersion-angle dependence of ΔF.     

Development of a chemical structure comparison method for integrated analysis of chemical and genomic information in the metabolic pathways

Cellular functions result from intricate networks of molecular interactions, which involve not only proteins and nucleic acids but also small chemical compounds. Here we present an efficient algorithm for comparing two chemical structures of compounds, where the chemical structure is treated as a graph consisting of atoms as nodes and covalent bonds as edges. On the basis of the concept of functional groups, 68 atom types (node types) are defined for carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and other atomic species with different environments, which has enabled detection of biochemically meaningful features. Maximal common subgraphs of two graphs can be found by searching for maximal cliques in the association graph, and we have introduced heuristics to accelerate the clique finding and to detect optimal local matches (simply connected common subgraphs). Our procedure was applied to the comparison and clustering of 9383 compounds, mostly metabolic compounds, in the KEGG/LIGAND database. The largest clusters of similar compounds were related to carbohydrates, and the clusters corresponded well to the categorization of pathways as represented by the KEGG pathway map numbers. When each pathway map was examined in more detail, finer clusters could be identified corresponding to subpathways or pathway modules containing continuous sets of reaction steps. Furthermore, it was found that the pathway modules identified by similar compound structures sometimes overlap with the pathway modules identified by genomic contexts, namely, by operon structures of enzyme genes.     

The importance of the ν7 vibration in the study of channel three decay in S1 benzene

Time-resolved fluorescence spectra and decay times of the 7¹ 1ⁿ vibronic bands were observed under bulb and cold beam conditions. The unique properties of these bands compared with other vibronic bands and their bearing on the mechanism of channel three are discussed.     

Regulation of saccharide binding with basic poly(ethynylpyridine)s by H+-induced helix formation

A basic host polymer exhibiting pH-regulatable saccharide recognition has been investigated. Poly(m-ethynylpyridine) bearing dialkylamino groups forms helical complexes with saccharides to show induced circular dichroism (ICD). When trifluoroacetic acid was titrated on these complexes, the ICD was gradually enhanced until the amount of the acid reached ca. 0.5 molar equivalence versus the pyridine rings in the polymer, and further addition of the acid suppressed the ICD. The proper addition of the acid also increased the binding constants between the polymer and saccharides. These findings would be due to stabilization of the helical structure consisting of cisoid conformations for each of the adjacent pyridine pairs, which were caused by half-protonation of the pyridine rings. Computational analyses indicated that the pyridinium-pyridine dimeric structure prefers its cisoid conformation to its transoid one.     

Acyclic asymmetric induction with carboncarbon bond formation

The acyclic asymmetric induction is described which involves heteroconjugate addition of MeLi to α-hydroxy hetero-olefins and concomitant intramolecular silicon-migration to produce α,α-sulfonyl-dianion of the $\text{threo}$ adduct being of utility for the second CC bond formation in one pot. It also contains the first chemical proof of the regiochemical assignment to the hetero-olefins.     

Vinyl polymerization. 361. Polymerization of 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-on-1-pentyl methacrylate

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-on-1-pentyl methacrylate (TMPM) was first synthesized from the condensation reaction of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol-3-on with methacrylic acid. Second, the polymerization of TMPM and the copolymerization of TMPM with styrene (St) were carried out in benzene at 60°C, using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. As the result of kinetic investigation, the rate of polymerization (R_p) could be expressed by: R_p = k[AIBN]^0.5 [TMPM]^1.0. Kinetic constants of polymerization of TMPM were obtained as follows: k_p/k = 0.27 dm^3/2 mole^?1/2 sec^?1/2, 2fk_d = 1.23 × 10^?5 sec^?1, f = 0.73, C_m = 2.6 × 10^?5, C_s = 1.1 × 10^?5. From the results the reactivity of TMPM was found to be larger than that of methyl methacrylate. The overall activation energy was calculated to be 110 kJ mole^?1. The following monomer reactivity ratios and Q, e values were obtained: TMPM(M₁) ? St(M₂): r₁ = 1.50, r₂ = 0.14, Q₁ = 2.63, E₁ = 0.45.     

A one-pot access to cycloalkano[1,2-a]indoles through an intramolecular alkyl migration reaction in indolylborates

A novel one-pot protocol for the preparation of cycloalkano[1,2-a]indoles by way of an intramolecular alkyl migration reaction in cyclic indolylborates is described. NaOMe was found to act as a successful trialkylboryl-protecting group against to the lithiation at the C2 of the indole ring. Treatment of cyclic indolylborates with electrophiles produced cycloalkano-[1,2-a]indoles.     

Convergent synthesis of the E'FGH ring fragment of ciguatoxin 1B via an acetylene cobalt complex strategy

A convergent synthesis of the E'FGH ring fragment 28 of ciguatoxin 1B, a principal toxin causing widespread seafood poisonings "ciguatera", has been accomplished through (i) coupling between the E' ring-acetylide 9 and the H ring-aldehyde 20, (ii) stereoselective F ring cyclization via an acetylene cobalt complex, (iii) conversion to a carbonyl function under high-pressure hydrogenation, and (iv) reductive hydroxyketone cyclization to construct the G ring. In the (1)H NMR analysis of 28 at room temperature, a considerable broadening phenomenon was observed due to the slow conformational changes of the FG ring, as reported for natural ciguatoxin 1B. When measured in pyridine at -20 degrees C, the spectra of 28 exhibited a 3.5:1 mixture of two conformational isomers (UP and DOWN conformers).