Polymorphism in Cs[AgZn(NCS)4]

The title compound, caesium silver zinc tetrathiocyanate, crystallizes in two polymorphic forms, in space groups P2₁/n and C2/c. Both structures form a continuous three‐dimensional network. The structure in C2/c contains a delocalized Ag atom in a binuclear‐like anion, where two [Ag(NCS)₄] units (delocalized Ag as an average) share two common NCS^? ligands.     

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter

Biomass burning has a strong influence on the atmospheric aerosol composition through particulate organic, inorganic, and soot emissions. When biomass burns, cellulose and hemicelluloses degrade, producing monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) such as levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan. Therefore, these compounds have been commonly used as tracers for biomass burning. In this study, a fast water-based method was developed for the routine analysis of MAs, based on high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. This method combines simple sample preparation, fast separation, and the advantages of the selective detection with MS. Analysis run was optimized to the maximum separation of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan with 15-min analysis. The validation results indicated that the method showed good applicability for determination of MA isomer concentrations in ambient samples. The limit of detection was 100 pg for levoglucosan and 50 pg for mannosan and galactosan. Wide determination ranges enabled the analysis of samples of different concentration levels. The method showed good precision, both for standard solutions (3.9–5.9% RSD) and for fine particle samples (4.3–8.5% RSD). Co-elution of internal standard (carbon-13-labeled levoglucosan) and sugar alcohols with levoglucosan decreased the sensitivity of levoglucosan determination. The method was used to determine the MA concentrations in ambient fine particle samples from urban background (Helsinki) and rural background (Hyytiälä) in Finland. The average levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan concentrations were 77, 8.8, and 4.2 ng?m^?3 in Helsinki (winter 2008–2009) and 17, 2.3, and 1.4 ng?m^?3 in Hyytiälä (spring 2007), respectively. The interrelation of the three MA isomers was fairly constant in the ambient fine particle samples.     

Präparatives und Analytisches über einige Methylierungsprodukte der Thiosalizylsäure

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Qualitative and quantitative solid-phase microextraction gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of the low-molecular-mass compounds released from poly(vinyl chloride)/polycaprolactone-polycarbonate during ageing

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed to quantitatively determine the amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid in aqueous solutions. The SPME method in combination with GC-MS was then applied to identify and quantify the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from a new poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) material, PVC/polycaprolactone-polycarbonate (PCL-PC) during ageing in water. It was shown that only a small amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, the final hydrolysis product of PCL-PC, migrated from the blend during ageing at 37 and 70 degrees C. If, however, the temperature was raised to 100 degrees C rapid hydrolysis of PCL-PC resulted. In addition to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid dimer, caprolactone, different carboxylic acids, acetophenone and phenol were identified. SPME-GC-MS was also applied to monitor the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from the PVC/PCL-PC blend during thermo-oxidation.     

Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Rhodiola rosea

Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root) has been used for a long time as an adaptogen in Chinese traditional medicine and is reported to have many pharmacological properties. Along its known secondary metabolites tyrosol (1), salidroside (rhodioloside) (2), rosin (3), rosarin (4), rosavin (5), sachaliside 1 (6) and 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), four compounds were isolated from aqueous methanol extract of the plant and identified as cinnamyl-(6'-O-beta-xylopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (8), 4-methoxy-cinnamyl-(6'-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-O-beta-glucopyranoside (9), picein (10) and benzyl-O-beta-glucopyranoside (11) by UV, MS and NMR methods. Compounds 8 and 9 are new natural compounds whereas compounds 10 and 11 were isolated first time from R. rosea. Also the compounds 6 and 7 are isolated earlier only from the callus cultures of the plant but not from the differentiated plant.     

Semi-rotating cryogenic modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

A laboratory-made cryogenic modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was constructed and evaluated. Analytes were trapped with carbon dioxide and desorbed with heated GC oven air. The GCxGC system included a non-polar first-dimension column and a semi-polar second-dimension column connected to a flame ionisation detector. A laboratory-written Matlab-based program was used for the data analysis. Peak widths at half height for n-alkanes, obtained with use of new modulator, were at narrowest 60 ms.     

Heterogenization of racemic ethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride on trimethylaluminum vapor modified silica surface

Heterogeneous metallocene catalysts were prepared by adsorbing rac-Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ on a modified silica surface in solution. The modification of silica was conducted in gas phase with atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) technique, where the silica, preheated at either 350 or 600°C, was allowed to react with vaporized trimethylaluminum (TMA) at 250°C. Modified carriers and heterogeneous catalysts were characterized with FTIR, ¹H MAS (magic-angle spinning) NMR, ¹³C, and ²⁹Si CP (cross-polarization) MAS NMR spectroscopies and elemental analyses. In the reaction of TMA with silica, a saturated surface was formed consisting of different (---O)_4−nSi(CH₃)_n (n=1, 2 or 3) and ---AlCH₃ groups. The ratio of ---SiMe to ---AlMe groups was approximately 1.5 in the TMA/SiO₂ carriers. When the metallocene was adsorbed onto the carrier it seemed to react with the surface ---AlCH₃ groups and possibly ---ZrCH₃ groups were formed. Heterogeneous catalysts were tested in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene in the presence of methylalumoxane (MAO). And they produced similar polymer as the homogeneous rac-Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ catalyst, but with lower activity. A catalyst with the best activity was achieved from silica that was preheated at 600°C. Moreover, leaching of catalyst was examined whereupon a part of zirconium was observed to desorb from the carrier.     

BiOBr/Ni2P/g-C3N4体系中用Ni2P电子桥加速S型体系光生载流子分离

水污染对人类健康和生态环境造成了严重的危害,引起了人们广泛关注.半导体光催化技术被认为是一种去除废水中有机污染物的有效方法.近年来,石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)作为一种无金属的光催化剂,具有合适的带隙能(Eg≈2.7eV)、良好的化学稳定性、较好的热稳定性、无毒以及强的还原电位(ECB≈-1.3eV)等特点,表现出较好的光催化活性.但由于g-C3N4光生载流子复合快和量子效率低,限制了其实际应用.因此,研究者们开发了各种有效的方法来克服上述缺点,如调控形貌、掺杂离子、沉积贵金属和构建异质结等.其中,构建梯型(S型)异质结已被证实是提高复合材料光催化活性的一种有效策略.S型异质结的形成不仅有效地加速光生电子和空穴的分离和迁移,而且还增强了光生载流子的氧化还原能力.除了电子结构外,异质结的界面电阻直接影响着光生载流子的分离效率,从而决定光催化活性强弱.据报道,具有高导电性的"电子传递介质"或"电子桥"可有效地降低载流子迁移过程中的界面阻力.过渡金属磷化物具有优良的导电性、低廉的价格和无毒的特性,完全满足电子桥的要求,成为电子桥的最佳候选材料之一.结合S型异质结和电子桥的优势,本文采用沉积-沉淀法制备了一种新型的S型BiOBr/Ni₂P/g-C3N4异质结.在可见光(λ≥400 nm)下,该催化剂对甲基橙和罗丹明B的降解活性明显优越于BiOBr/g-C₃N₄.这主要归因于电子桥Ni₂P和S型异质结的协同效应.密度泛函理论计算表明,电子从BiOBr通过电子桥Ni₂P转移到g-C₃N₄.在可见光照射下以及界面内建电场的驱动下,带边缘弯曲和库仑相互作用协同促进了复合物中相对无用的电子和空穴的重组,从而保留了较强氧化还原能力的电子和空穴.活性氧捕获实验、电子顺磁共振光谱和电流-电压曲线结果进一步证明,光催化剂中的电荷迁移方式遵循S型异质结的迁移机制.综上,本文不仅为S型光催化剂的设计提供了有效策略,也为界面载流子的快速分离和迁移提供了切实可行的途径.     

Micromechanical analysis of kinematic hardening in natural clay

This paper presents a micromechanical analysis of the macroscopic behaviour of natural clay. A microstructural stress–strain model for clayey material has been developed which considers clay as a collection of clusters. The deformation of a representative volume of the material is generated by mobilizing and compressing all the clusters along their contact planes. Numerical simulations of multistage drained triaxial stress paths on Otaniemi clay have been performed and compared the numerical results to the experimental ones in order to validate the modelling approach. Then, the numerical results obtained at the microscopic level were analysed in order to explain the induced anisotropy observed in the clay behaviour at the macroscopic level. The evolution of the state variables at each contact plane during loading can explain the changes in shape and position in the stress space of the yield surface at the macroscopic level, as well as the rotation of the axes of anisotropy of the material.     

Refined shell-model matrix elements for muon-capture processes

Recently many shell-model calculations have been performed in order to extract the value of the ratio C _P/C _A in light nuclei. Most of these calculations fail to reproduce the value given by the partially conserved axial vector hypothesis, roughly 7. We show, that by using the effective transition operators, calculated by the perturbative techniques, this discrepancy can be, at least partly, solved. New angular correlation data for ²⁸Si is used for the extraction of C _P/C _A. In the case of ²⁰Ne, the capture rate data is used for extraction.