水对800℃下CH4在Ar气中分解制备单壁碳纳米管的影响

利用透射电子显微镜和拉曼光谱方法研究了水对800℃下Ar气中催化分解CH4制备单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）的影响.结果表明，反应气中少量水（室温下反应气的湿度约5%）的引入提高了产物中SWCNTs的含量.初步分析认为，水在反应过程中起到了提纯作用，从而降低无定形碳生成率.此外，还发现水的引入缩小了产物中SWCNTs的管径分布. 关键词： 单壁碳纳米管 水 拉曼光谱     

Differentiation of human kidney stones induced by melamine and uric acid using surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Clinically obtained human kidney stones of different pathogenesis were dissolved in acetic acid/methanol solutions and then rapidly analyzed by surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SDAPCI-MS) without any desalination treatment. The mass spectral fingerprints of six groups of kidney stone samples were rapidly recorded in the mass range of m/z 50-400. A set of ten melamine-induced kidney stone samples and nine uric acid derived kidney stone samples were successfully differentiated from other groups by principal component analysis of SDAPCI-MS fingerprints upon positive-ion detection mode. In contrast, the mass spectra recorded using negative-ion detection mode did not give enough information to differentiate those stone samples. The results showed that in addition to the melamine, the chemical compounds enwrapped in the melamine-induced kidney stone samples differed from other kidney stone samples, providing useful hints for studying on the formation mechanisms of melamine-induced kidney stones. This study also provides useful information on establishing a MS-based platform for rapid analysis of the melamine-induced human kidney stones at molecular levels.     

Trace detection of hormones and sulfonamides in viscous cosmetic products by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive method based on a geometry-independent neutral desorption (GIND) in combination with extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection of illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones in highly viscous cosmetic products. The method gave a low limit of detection (LOD) (in the range of 0.001-1 ng/g), acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD=6.8-11.4%) and reasonable recovery (87-116%) for direct measuring of nine types of hormones and sulfonamides in the cosmetic products. The average measurement time for two types of samples was less than 1 min. Trace amounts of analytes in commercial cosmetic products have been quantitatively detected, without any sample pretreatment. The experimental results showed that non-volatile illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones could be sensitively liberated using the GIND device for quantitative detection from the highly viscous cosmetic products, demonstrating that GIND-EESI-MS is a promising tool for high throughput, sensitive and quantitative analysis of highly complex viscous samples.     

Highly-photoluminescent ZnSe nanocrystals via a non-injection-based approach with precursor reactivity elevated by a secondary phosphine

Highly-photoluminescent ZnSe quantum dots with 72% quantum yield and 22 nm full width at half maximum were synthesized with more reactive precursors via a non-injection approach with high synthetic reproducibility; (31)P NMR provided insight into the formation mechanisms of ZnSe monomers.     

Preconcentration and detection of the phosphorylated forms of cardiac troponin I in a cascade microchip by cationic isotachophoresis

This paper describes the detection of a cardiac biomarker, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), spiked into depleted human serum using cationic isotachophoresis (ITP) in a 3.9 cm long poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic channel. The microfluidic chip incorporates a 100× cross-sectional area reduction, including a 10× depth reduction and a 10× width reduction, to increase sensitivity during ITP. The cross-sectional area reductions in combination with ITP allowed visualization of lower concentrations of fluorescently labeled cTnI. ITP was performed in both "peak mode" and "plateau mode" and the final concentrations obtained were linear with initial cTnI concentration. We were able to detect and quantify cTnI at initial concentrations as low as 46 ng mL(-1) in the presence of human serum proteins and obtain cTnI concentrations factors as high as ~ 9000. In addition, preliminary ITP experiments including both labeled cTnI and labeled protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylated cTnI were performed to visualize ITP migration of different phosphorylated forms of cTnI. The different phosphorylated states of cTnI formed distinct ITP zones between the leading and terminating electrolytes. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at using ITP in a cascade microchip to quantify cTnI in human serum and detect different phosphorylated forms.     

In situ analysis of agrochemical residues on fruit using ambient ionization on a handheld mass spectrometer

We describe a rapid in situ method for detecting agrochemicals on the surface or in the tissue of fruit using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with an ambient ionization source. Two such ionization methods, low temperature plasma (LTP) and paper spray (PS), were employed in experiments performed at a local grocery store. LTP was used to detect diphenylamine (DPA) directly from the skin of apples in the store and those treated after harvest with DPA were recognized by MS and MS/MS. These data therefore allowed ready distinction between organic and non-organic apples. DPA was also found within the internal tissue of purchased apples and its distribution was mapped using LTP. Similarly, thiabendazole residues were detected on the skin of treated oranges in a grocery store experiment in which paper spray was performed by wiping the orange surface with a moist commercial lens wipe and then applying a high voltage to ionize the chemicals directly from the wipe. The handheld mass spectrometer used in these measurements is capable of performing several stages of tandem mass spectrometry (up to MS(5)); the compounds on the fruit were identified by their MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Protonated DPA (m/z 170) produced a characteristic MS(2) fragment ion at m/z 92, while thiabendazole was identified by MS(3) using precursor to fragment ion transitions m/z 202 →m/z 175 →m/z 131. These particular examples exemplify the power of in situ analysis of complex samples using ambient ionization and handheld mass spectrometers.     

Resonance scattering spectral detection of trace ATP based on label-free aptamer reaction and nanogold catalysis

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) cannot protect gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of NaCl, and dsDNA interacted with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form stable G-quartet and a single-stranded DNA (DNA 2) that can protect AuNPs. The unprotected AuNPs were aggregated to AuNP aggregations (AuNPA) that exhibited a resonance scattering (RS) peak at 590 nm. The RS intensity at 590 nm decreased linearly when the ATP concentration increased in the range of 6.6-110 nM. The catalysis of AuNP-DNA 2 was stronger than that of the AuNPA on the glucose-Cu(II) particle reaction, and the product appeared as an RS peak at 620 nm. When the ATP concentration was increased, the AuNP-DNA 2 increased, and the RS intensity at 620 nm increased linearly. The increased RS intensity (ΔI(620 nm)) was linear to ATP concentration in the range of 2.2-220 nM, with a regression equation of ΔI(620 nm) = 0.709C + 7.7, and a detection limit of 0.5 nM. Hereby, a new RS method of ATP detection was set up with high sensitivity and selectivity.     

北京晓幼营板理化岩体结构面强度的原位测试

岩体强度很大程度上取决于结构面的强度,板理化岩体尤其如此。通过原位测试直接获得岩体结构面的强度参数对于岩体稳定性分析和工程设计都具有重要意义。为了解板理化岩体板理结构面的强度性质,选择北京房山区晓幼营白云质板理化岩体进行了结构面强度的原位测试研究。鉴于传统岩体原位直剪试验成本高和操作难的情况,在掌握北京地区构造应力资料的基础上,在试验中考虑岩体中板理结构面的产状与构造应力方向的关系,提出了一套利用地应力提供原位试体剪切面法向力的测试分析方法:开挖出不同方向、不同解除状态的3个试体(试坑); 试坑中两个平行的解除面与原岩之间形成一定距离的空间,自然构成了施加水平试验荷载的反力框架,从而免除了传统试验中笨重的试验反力装置。由于解除面组合的变化,试体受到的构造应力状态有相应的变化,与试验荷载叠加后在预定剪切面上形成了不同大小法向力和切向力。上述方法免除了笨重的反力装置,取得了一定的实验效果,确定了被测岩体结构面的强度参数:黏聚力c和摩擦角φ,对原位岩体结构面强度测试方法进行了一次有益的新尝试,得到的岩体结构面的强度参数为类似板岩地区大型输电线路塔杆地基设计及岩体稳定性分析提供了参考。     

Gas-liquid phase coexistence in quasi-two-dimensional Stockmayer fluids: A molecular dynamics study

The Maxwell construction together with molecular dynamics simulation is used to study the gas-liquid phase coexistence of quasi-two-dimensional Stockmayer fluids. The phase coexistence curves and corresponding critical points under different dipole strength are obtained, and the critical properties are calculated. We investigate the dependence of the critical point and critical properties on the dipole strength. When the dipole strength is increased, the abrupt disappearance of the gas-liquid phase coexistence in quasi-two-dimensional Stockmayer fluids is not found. However, if the dipole strength is large enough, it does lead to the formation of very long reversible chains which makes the relaxation of the system very slow and the observation of phase coexistence rather difficult or even impossible.     

UV-ablation nanochannels in micro/nanofluidics devices for biochemical analysis

This paper presents a simple and cost-effective UV-ablation technique for fabrication of size-tunable nanofluidics devices via photochemical decomposition reaction. UV-irradiation through a PET photomask results in continuous decomposition of poly(carbonate) (PC), forming nanochannel and carboxyl groups on the surface of the etched PC. This photochemical decomposition process occurs at molecular scale, therefore, the depth of nanochannels can be controlled at nanometer level. The etching rate is estimated to be ca. 0.015 nm s⁻¹. To demonstrate the potential application of the present UV-ablation technique, a nanochannel was fabricated and integrated with microchannels to form a micro/nanofluidics chip for protein concentration. Using this device, about 10³-10⁵ fold protein concentration can be achieved within 10 min. The present approach offers a simple and practical solution to fabricate nanofluidics devices at low-cost, and the resulting device could provide ideal platforms for μTAS towards various applications in biology and chemistry.