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131.
132.
133.
We study a small quantum system (e.g., a simplified model for an atom or molecule) interacting with two bosonic or fermionic
reservoirs (say, photon or phonon fields). We show that the combined system has a family of stationary states parametrized
by two numbers, T
1 and T
2 (‘reservoir temperatures’). If T
1 ≠ T
2, then these states are non-equilibrium stationary states (NESS). In the latter case we show that they have nonvanishing heat
fluxes and positive entropy production and are dynamically asymptotically stable. The latter means that the evolution with
an initial condition, normal with respect to any state where the reservoirs are in equilibria at temperatures T
1 and T
2, converges to the corresponding NESS. Our results are valid for the temperatures satisfying the bound min (T
1,T
2) > g
2 + α, where g is the coupling constant and 0 < α < 1 is a power related to the infra-red behaviour of the coupling functions.
Submitted: March 20, 2006. Revised: March 19, 2007. Accepted: May 11, 2007.
Marco Merkli: Partly supported by an NSERC PDF, the Institute of Theoretical Physics of ETH Zürich, Switzerland, the Departments
of Mathematics of McGill University and the University of Toronto, Canada.
Matthias Mück: Supported by DAAD under grant HSP III.
Israel Michael Sigal: Supported by NSERC under grant NA7901. 相似文献
134.
Dale B. McDonald Walter J. Grantham Wayne L. Tabor Michael J. Murphy 《Applied Mathematical Modelling》2007
The focus of this paper is the optimization of complex multi-parameter systems. We consider systems in which the objective function is not known explicitly, and can only be evaluated through computationally intensive numerical simulation or through costly physical experiments. The objective function may also contain many local extrema which may be of interest. Given objective function values at a scattered set of parameter values, we develop a response surface model that can dramatically reduce the required computation time for parameter optimization runs. The response surface model is developed using radial basis functions, producing a model whose objective function values match those of the original system at all sampled data points. Interpolation to any other point is easily accomplished and generates a model which represents the system over the entire parameter space. This paper presents the details of the use of radial basis functions to transform scattered data points, obtained from a complex continuum mechanics simulation of explosive materials, into a response surface model of a function over the given parameter space. Response surface methodology and radial basis functions are discussed in general and are applied to a global optimization problem for an explosive oil well penetrator. 相似文献
135.
Michael J. Puls 《Archiv der Mathematik》2007,88(6):500-506
Let p be a real number greater than one. In this paper we study the vanishing and nonvanishing of the first L
p
-cohomology space of some groups that have one end. We also make a connection between the first L
p
-cohomolgy space and the Floyd boundary of the Cayley graph of a group. We apply the result about Floyd boundaries to show
that there exists a real number p such that the first L
p
-cohomology space of a nonelementary hyperbolic group does not vanish.
Received: 4 August 2006 Revised: 2 November 2006 相似文献
136.
137.
It is thought that the extensive industrial use of arsenic, gallium and indium, which have applications as the materials for III–V semiconductors, will increase human exposure to these compounds in the near future. We have undertaken the development of new biological indicators for assessing exposure to these elements. Element-specific alterations in protein synthesis patterns were expected to occur following exposure to arsenic compounds. We examined alterations in protein synthesis in primary cultures of rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells by sodium arsenite, gallium chloride and indium chloride, utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. After incubation with the chemicals for 20 h, newly synthesized proteins were labeled with [35S]methionine. A protein with a molecular weight (Mr) of 30 000 was markedly induced on exposure to 10 μM arsenite or 300 μM gallium chloride, and synthesis of proteins with Mr values of 85 000, 71 000, 65 000, 51 000, 38 000 and 28 000 were also increased by exposure to arsenite and gallium chloride. No significant changes were observed upon exposure to indium. Some of these increased proteins could be heat-shock proteins. 相似文献
138.
Kenneth A. Caldwell Michael L. Gross 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》1994,5(2):72-91
Accurate mass measurements were used to assign elemental compositions and tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the peak-at-every-mass background ions produced by kiloelectron-volt-particle bombardment of neat fast-atom bombardment matrices. The majority of the background ions observed in the mass spectrum of neat glycerol was identified. On the basis of the experiments with glycerol, a theory for the formation of background ions is presented. Results are discussed according to the chemical and physical changes that ygoe;on-volt-particle bombardment produces in the matrix. 相似文献
139.
140.
N-7, O-Disilylation of 4(3H)-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines provides a convenient method for activation of these compounds toward regiospecific halogenation at C-5. The sequence is conveniently carried out without isolation of the silylated derivatives and desilylation is spontaneous upon addition of water to the reaction mixture. 相似文献