Zur kritischen Lösungstemperatur einiger Systeme mit zweibasischen organischen Säuren

Zusammenfassung Fischers Methode der Mikrountersuchung der kritischen Mischungs-temperatur hat grundsätzlich neue Wege in der Analyse binärer und ternärer Flüssigkeitsgemische eröffnet.In dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, für die homologe Reihe: Oxalsäure-Malonsäure-Bernsteinsäure durch Ermittlung der Mischungslückendiagramme Zusammenhänge zwischen den beim sogenannten 'Makroversuch und den bei der Mikrobestimmung auf dem Kofler-Heiztisch herrschenden Verhältnissen aufzuzeigen und gleichzeitig eine brauchbare Schnellmethode für die Bestimmung wässeriger Lösungen der untersuchten Säuren zu finden.Weiters wurden die Unterschiede, die sich zwischen den Maximalwerten der Mischungslückendiagramme, ihren volumgleichen Temperaturwerten und den Werten der auf dem Heiztisch gefundenen Mikroeichkurve experimentell erfaßt und diskutiert.Es sei besonders im Falle der Oxalsäure auf die obgenannten Unterschiede hingewiesen. Im Schaubild sieht man die Eichkurve nachFischer als Gerade, um die herum sich die Werte der Maxima und die volumgleichen Werte sozusagen als 'periodische Funktionen legen. Diese Werte sind also nicht immer eindeutige Funktionen der Konzentration der betreffenden Lösung. Die Temperaturwerte des Mischungsverhältnisses 50 50 (die ja für die Aufstellung analytisch brauchbarer Eichkurven überhaupt als einzige in Betracht kämen) wurden übrigens bei der Anilinpunktbestimmung zur Prüfung von Kraftstoffen praktisch verwertet¹³. Die Mikrobestimmung in der Kapillare ist wegen der an anderer Stelle besprochenen Vorzüge jedem Makroverfahren überlegen.

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Summary Fischer's method of micro investigation of the critical mixing temperature has revealed completely new ways in the analysis of binary and ternary mixtures of liquids.By determining the miscibility gap diagram, attempts were made to discover the connections between the so-called macro-trial and the microdetermination using the Kofler heating stage, and at the same time to discover a rapid method for determining aqueous solutions of the acids under investigation, which belonged to the homologous series: oxalic, malonic, succinic acids.Furthermore, the differences which were found between the maximal values of the miscibility gap diagram, their volume-equal temperature values, and the values of the micro calibration curve found on the heated stage were discussed.Special emphasis is given to these differences in the case of oxalic acid. In the diagram, the calibration curve afterFischer appears as a straight line about which are situated the values of the maxima and the volume-equal values so-to-say as periodic functions. These values are not always therefore unequivocal functions of the concentration of the solution in question. The temperature values of the miscibility ratios (5050), which in fact are the only ones that could be considered in the construction of analytically usable calibration curves, were also evaluated in practice in the determination of the aniline point for testing motor fuels¹³. Because of the advantages discussed elsewhere, the micro determination in a capillary is superior to any macro method.

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Résumé La méthode deFischer de microdéterminations de la température critique de mélange a ouvert de nouvelles voies fondamentales à l'analyse des mélanges liquides binaires et ternaires.Dans le travail présenté l'auteur cherche à montrer, pour la série homologue acide oxalique, acide malonique, acide succinique, par l'établissement des diagrammes de discontinuité des mélanges, les relations existant entre les conditions de la «macrodétermination» et celles de le microdétermination avec le banc chauffant de Kofler; simultanément il s'efforce de mettre au point une méthode rapide de dosage des solutions aqueuses des acides considérés.Par ailleurs il a mis en évidence et discuté les différences qui se manifestent expérimentalement entre, d'une part, les valeurs maxima des diagrammes de discontinuité des mélanges et les valeurs des températures à volume constant et d'autre part les valeurs trouvées pour la courbe de micro étalonnage sur banc chauffant.L'auteur a particulièrement étudié ces différences dans le cas de l'acide oxalique. Sur la figure on voit que la courbe d'étalonnage d'aprèsFischer est une droite tandis que les valeurs des maxima et les valeurs des températures à volume constant se présentent comme des fonctions «périodiques». Il en résulte que ces valeurs ne sont pas toujours des fonctions univoques de la concentration de la solution considérée. Les valeurs de la température pour le rapport de mélange 50/50 (qui pour l'établissement de courbes d'étalonnage utilisables en analyse doivent être exclusivement frites en considération) ont été en outre pratiquement utilisées pour le contrôle de la détermination du point d'aniline de carburants¹³. La microdétermination en capillaire, du fait d'avantages qui sont décrits dans une autre publication, est supérieure à toute macro-technique.

     

Understanding the factors controlling the photo-oxidation of natural DNA by enantiomerically pure intercalating ruthenium polypyridyl complexes through TA/TRIR studies with polydeoxynucleotides and mixed sequence oligodeoxynucleotides

Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes which can sensitise the photo-oxidation of nucleic acids and other biological molecules show potential for photo-therapeutic applications. In this article a combination of transient visible absorption (TrA) and time-resolved infra-red (TRIR) spectroscopy are used to compare the photo-oxidation of guanine by the enantiomers of [Ru(TAP)₂(dppz)]²⁺ in both polymeric {poly(dG-dC), poly(dA-dT) and natural DNA} and small mixed-sequence duplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides. The products of electron transfer are readily monitored by the appearance of a characteristic TRIR band centred at ca. 1700 cm⁻¹ for the guanine radical cation and a band centered at ca. 515 nm in the TrA for the reduced ruthenium complex. It is found that efficient electron transfer requires that the complex be intercalated at a G-C base-pair containing site. Significantly, changes in the nucleobase vibrations of the TRIR spectra induced by the bound excited state before electron transfer takes place are used to identify preferred intercalation sites in mixed-sequence oligodeoxynucleotides and natural DNA. Interestingly, with natural DNA, while it is found that quenching is inefficient in the picosecond range, a slower electron transfer process occurs, which is not found with the mixed-sequence duplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides studied.

Efficient electron transfer requires the complex to be intercalated at a G-C base-pair. Identification of preferred intercalation sites is achieved by TRIR monitoring of the nucleobase vibrations before electron transfer.     

On the underestimated influence of synthetic conditions in solid ionic conductors

The development of high-performance inorganic solid electrolytes is central to achieving high-energy- density solid-state batteries. Whereas these solid-state materials are often prepared via classic solid-state syntheses, recent efforts in the community have shown that mechanochemical reactions, solution syntheses, microwave syntheses, and various post-synthetic heat treatment routines can drastically affect the structure and microstructure, and with it, the transport properties of the materials. On the one hand, these are important considerations for the upscaling of a materials processing route for industrial applications and industrial production. On the other hand, it shows that the influence of the different syntheses on the materials'' properties is neither well understood fundamentally nor broadly internalized well. Here we aim to review the recent efforts on understanding the influence of the synthetic procedure on the synthesis – (micro)structure – transport correlations in superionic conductors. Our aim is to provide the field of solid-state research a direction for future efforts to better understand current materials properties based on synthetic routes, rather than having an overly simplistic idea of any given composition having an intrinsic conductivity. We hope this review will shed light on the underestimated influence of synthesis on the transport properties of solid electrolytes toward the design of syntheses of future solid electrolytes and help guide industrial efforts of known materials.

Influence of synthesis and processing on the nature of ultimate product and the ionic transport properties of superionic conductors.     

Dimethyldihydropyrene-dehydrobenzoannulene hybrids: studies in aromaticity and photoisomerization

The synthesis and study of dehydrobenzoannulene (DBA)-dimethyldihydropyrene (DDP) hybrids as models for the investigation of aromaticity in weakly diatropic systems is reported. Three new monofused DBA-DDP hybrids have been synthesized, and their NMR spectra are discussed with regard to quantifying the aromaticity remaining in multibenzene-fused DBAs. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts, determined at a series of locations for each compound, bond lengths, and (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts were calculated and used to probe the aromaticity of these hybrids. Systems where more than one annulene/DBA is fused to the DDP core have also been obtained, and their potential use in photoinduced isomerization applications is discussed.     

Enhanced docking with the mining minima optimizer: acceleration and side-chain flexibility

The ligand-protein docking algorithm based on the Mining Minima method has been substantially enhanced. First, the basic algorithm is accelerated by: (1) adaptively determining the extent of each energy well to help avoid previously discovered energy minima; (2) biasing the search away from ligand positions at the surface of the receptor to prevent the ligand from staying at the surface when large sampling regions are used; (3) quickly testing multiple different ligand positions and orientations for each ligand conformation; and (4) tuning the source code to increase computational efficiency. These changes markedly shorten the time needed to discover an accurate result, especially when large sampling regions are used. The algorithm now also allows user-selected receptor sidechains to be treated as mobile during the docking procedure. The energies associated with the mobile side chains are computed as if they belonged to the ligand, except that atoms at the boundary between side chains and the rigid backbone are treated specially. This new capability is tested for several well-known ligand/protein systems, and preliminary application to an enzyme whose substrate is unknown--the recently solved hypothetical protein YecO (HI0319) from Haemophilus influenzae--indicates that side-chains relaxations allow candidate substrates of various sizes to be accommodated.     

Mechanism for large first hyperpolarizabilities of phosphonic acid stilbene derivatives

This paper presents calculations of dipole moments (mu), static polarizabilities (alpha), and first hyperpolarizabilities (beta) of phosphonic acid stilbene derivatives calculated in the framework of density functional theory. These calculations were performed using a finite field approach implemented in the density functional program ALLCHEM and were of an all-electron type using local exchange-correlation functional and specially designed basis sets. The molecular structures have been fully optimized using the semiempirical program MSINDO. Some of the investigated stilbenes have been synthesized very recently while others are described for the first time. Donor and acceptor groups of these analogues have been modified and the influence of these changes on the first hyperpolarizabilities has been investigated. This work demonstrates that the nonlinear optical response beta of these compounds increases dramatically when the acceptor moiety is displaced by analogues containing alkali metal groups. A general mechanism for the design of novel nonlinear optical materials with large first hyperpolarizabilities is described.     

The Effects of Methylene Blue and Oxygen Concentration on the Photoinactivation of Qβ Bacteriophage

Abstract— Concentration effects of methylene blue (MB) and oxygen on the photoinactivation rate of Qβ bacteriophage were examined. The effect of initial virus concentration was verified on the similar f2 phage. The inactivation rate, k , is an increasing function of MB and O₂ concentration and shows saturation with respect to MB concentration. Thus the results suggest that MB must adsorb to Qβ sites and oxygen must be present for photoinactivation to occur. The inactivation rate is independent of the initial number of phage particles present before inactivation, indicating that inactivation does not depend upon interaction among viral particles or on surface effects. The results indicate that at least two different viral phenotypes exist within the wild-type Qβ and f2 populations: one susceptible and the other resistant.     

Isochorismate pyruvate lyase: a pericyclic reaction mechanism?

Isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) catalyzes the cleavage of isochorismate to give salicylate and pyruvate, a key step in bacterial siderophore biosynthesis. We investigated the enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa using isochorismate selectively deuterated at C2 as a substrate. Monitoring the reaction by 2H NMR spectroscopy revealed that the label is quantitatively transferred from C2 to C9, producing stoichiometric amounts of [3-2H]pyruvate as product. Moreover, the deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 2.34 +/- 0.08 on kcat indicates that C-H cleavage is significantly rate limiting. Consistent with these data, hybrid density functional theory (HDFT) calculations at the Becke3LYP/DZ+(2d,p) level of theory predict a concerted but highly asynchronous pericyclic transition structure, in which carbon-oxygen bond cleavage is more advanced than hydrogen atom transfer from C2 to C9; the calculated 2H isotope effect of 2.22 at C2 is in excellent accord with the experimental value. Together, these findings indicate that IPL should be added to the small set of proteins that are known to catalyze pericyclic reactions. They also raise the possibility that enzymes, such as chorismate pyruvate lyase, salicylate synthase, 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase, and anthranilate synthase, which accelerate formally similar reaction steps, may also exploit pericyclic mechanisms.     

Dynamics and energetics of the self-assembly of a hydrophobically modified polyelectrolyte: Naphthalene-labeled poly(acrylic acid)

Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies were performed on aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) hydrophobically modified with two very different levels of naphthalene (Np). It is demonstrated that unique information on association phenomena involving hydrophobe-modifed polymers can be obtained from an extended fluorescence study by using data for a less-modified polymer as a reference. For the more highly modified polymer, the presence of excited-state (as well as ground-state) dimers in addition to monomer emission due to locally excited naphthalene gives evidence for hydrophobic association between naphthalene groups. This association becomes, as expected, much less important at higher pH due to the electrostatic repulsion between different chain segments. However, it is noted that even at high pH there is a significant self-association. The coexistence of static and dynamic quenching phenomena of the Np monomer label was also revealed in the time-resolved fluorescence data. The data are compatible with the existence of two types of monomers and one excimer and suggest that the essential contribution to the monomer emission comes from isolated chromophores, whereas excimer formation arises from both a dynamic route (excited Np chromophores able to produce a dynamic excimer) and a static route (excitation of ground-state Np dimers). At room temperature, the dissociative reaction, excimer-to-monomer, can be neglected, and thus the rate constant for excimer formation and decay could be obtained with and without considering the influence of preformed dimers. Temperature has shown to induce different behavior in the polymer photophysics. In the case of the less-labeled polymer, the decays were found to be single-exponential with the fluorescence lifetime decreasing with increasing temperature. From the temperature dependence of the steady-state fluorescence data, the activation energy for excimer formation and the binding energy of the excimer were evaluated at different pH values, through the Stevens-Ban-type plots of the excimer-to-monomer intensity ratio. With the time-resolved data, measured in the temperature range of 5-60 degrees C, it was possible to extract the intrinsic activation energies for excimer formation. The thermodynamic driving force for the intrapolymeric association was found to be dependent on a balance between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, which are dependent on the pH, temperature, and hydrophobic content of the polymer.