质子交换膜燃料电池梯度化膜电极

为实现质子交换膜燃料电池的高性能(高功率密度或大电流密度)、低成本(低铂载量)、长寿命发电,人们尝试在燃料电池的核心部件膜电极结构中引入梯度化设计的概念。梯度化膜电极包括膜电极中各组件的梯度化:气体扩散层的PTFE含量与孔隙率的梯度化,催化层的催化剂与Nafion用量的梯度化以及微孔层的疏水性与孔隙率的梯度化。梯度化膜电极中催化剂分布、孔隙率分布、亲/疏水性分布合理,具有良好的三相反应界面以及质子、电子、反应气体、水等多相物质高效传输通道,从而能满足在低铂载量、低加湿以及高电流密度条件下高性能稳定工作。本文整理了近几年来有关燃料电池梯度化膜电极研究的相关文献,梳理了梯度化膜电极研究发展脉络,归纳总结了各种梯度化膜电极的制备方法、性能以及构效关系,并展望了梯度化膜电极下一步研究方向,对高性能、低成本、长寿命的燃料电池开发具有指导意义。     

An injectable hydrogel with or without drugs for prevention of epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy in rats

Epidural scarring occurs inevitably in the defect after spinal laminectomy, and thus how to prevent or reduce it becomes a challenging topic. In the present study, an injectable hydrogel and its dexamethasone(DEX)-loaded hydrogel systems were adopted to prevent epidural scarring in a postlaminectomy rat model. The hydrogel system composed of poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA-PEG-PLGA) triblock copolymers was a free-flowing sol at room temperature, and spontaneously turned into a semi-solid gel at body temperature. A lumbar 3 total laminectomy was performed on Sprague Dawley(SD) rats, and the efficacy of the injectable hydrogel with or without drugs in preventing epidural scar formation was evaluated via the gross anatomical observation and histological examination at one month post-surgery. The results demonstrate that the use of hydrogel alone reduced epidural scarring significantly, whereas the efficacy of the DEX-loaded hydrogels presented an irregular dose-dependency of drug and even the inappropriate drug doses resulted in the negative results. Therefore, the present study confirms that the PLGA-PEGPLGA hydrogel holds potential as a barrier device to decrease peridural scarring, and reveals that the sustained delivery of the steroid hormone DEX to prevent surgery-related adhesions in the laminectomy defect is complex. Moreover, our in vivo studies also remind the researchers to pay attention to the irregular dose-dependency of the hormone drugs.     

The honeycomb network structure of poly[[[μ2‐1,3‐bis(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzene‐κ2N3:N3′](μ2‐terephthalato‐κ2O:O′)zinc(II)] ethanol solvate]

The terephthalate dianion and the bis(imidazolyl)benzene ligand of the title compound, {[Zn(C₈H₄O₄)(C₂₀H₁₄N₄)]·C₂H₆O}_n, each bridges two adjacent zinc centers, resulting in a layer‐type coordination polymer; the zinc center shows tetrahedral coordination. The disordered ethanol solvent molecules occupy the spaces between the layers and are hydrogen bonded to the layers. The two symmetry‐independent dianions lie on different inversion sites.     

Two salts of 5‐sulfosalicylic acid and 3‐aminopyridine

5‐Sulfosalicylic acid (5‐SSA) and 3‐aminopyridine (3‐APy) crystallize in the same solvent system, resulting in two kinds of 1:1 proton‐transfer organic adduct, namely 3‐aminopyridinium 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate, C₅H₇N₂⁺·C₇H₅O₆S⁻·H₂O or 3‐APy·5‐SSA·H₂O, (I), and the anhydrous adduct, C₅H₇N₂⁺·C₇H₅O₆S⁻ or 3‐APy·5‐SSA, (II). Both compounds have extensively hydrogen‐bonded three‐dimensional layered polymer structures, with interlayer homo‐ and heterogeneous π–π interactions in (I) and (II), respectively.     

沸石分子筛材料在消除挥发性有机化合物反应中的吸附与催化性能

作为空气污染物的主要成分之一,挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)会极大地破坏生态环境并损害人体健康。在众多消除 VOCs的方法中,吸附法由于操作简单、成本低廉的优势而在工业上得以广泛应用。催化燃烧法则因去除效率高,适用范围广且无二次污染等优点被认为是 VOCs消除最有效的手段之一。
　　目前,活性炭是最常用的 VOCs吸附剂,但存在再生困难、抗湿性差、易燃等诸多问题。与活性炭等常规吸附剂相比,沸石分子筛作为 VOCs吸附剂其主要优势在于：(1)沸石分子筛的疏水性可调,通过调控分子筛骨架的硅铝比可以调节分子筛的亲疏水性,高硅铝比的沸石分子筛有着优异的疏水性能,从而可以有效降低在一定湿度条件下水对 VOCs分子的竞争吸附;(2)均一的孔径分布可以有效地进行分子识别,从而使吸附剂对VOCs的选择性吸附性大大提高;(3)沸石分子筛一般由硅铝构成,本身不可燃且水热稳定性好,因此能够与微波加热等其他手段相结合以降低吸附剂重生能耗,提高操作安全性;(4)沸石分子筛比表面积大,吸附容量高,是作为蜂窝转轮吸附技术中吸附剂的理想材料,而该技术是目前工业大规模消除VOCs的研究热点。因此,沸石分子筛由于其独特的性质,被视为一种简单高效、选择性好的VOCs吸附剂。现阶段,催化燃烧VOCs所使用的催化剂常用金属氧化物作为载体,但是金属氧化物比表面积相对较小且孔道结构不均一,因此严重影响了催化剂对VOCs的催化燃烧效率,限制了催化燃烧活性的提高。而与金属氧化物载体相比,沸石分子筛材料具有均一的孔道结构以及相对较大的比表面积等优点,而将具有较好吸附选择性和吸附容量的沸石分子筛作为载体,负载活性组分后可以实现催化剂催化燃烧性能的显著提高,从而成为VOCs催化燃烧的理想催化剂。
　　本文综述了目前沸石分子筛材料作为吸附剂和催化剂载体的负载型催化剂消除各类VOCs的研究进展。对于沸石分子筛作为VOCs吸附剂,我们小结了影响其吸附容量和吸附选择性的因素,发现分子筛的孔道大小和阳离子类型与VOCs的吸附情况密切相关。在此基础上,进一步简单介绍了分子筛蜂窝吸附转轮技术的研究现状。对于沸石分子筛作为催化剂载体,我们总结了其用于各类VOCs催化燃烧的研究情况,如烷烃类、芳烃类和醛类等。探究了催化性能的影响因素及相应的催化机理,发现分子筛的孔道结构、阳离子类型、硅铝比等都会显著影响沸石分子筛负载型催化剂的催化活性。最后,探讨了沸石分子筛应用于VOCs消除目前所存在的问题,同时展望了该领域未来的研究和发展方向。     

Grape tissue-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide

The use of grape tissue as a source of catalase for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is reported. A slice of grape tissue attached to the membrane of a Clark-type oxgen sensor was used to monitor the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. At the steady state, the sensor responds linearly to hydrogen peroxide in the concentration range 1 × 10^?5–5 × 10^?4 M. The response time (T₉₀) was of the order of 1 min for this sensor. No interference was observed from ethanol, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid. The long-term stability of the grape tissue sensor was much better than previously reported immobilized enzyme and liver tissue-based hydrogen peroxide sensors.     

载镍ZSM-5沸石中钠的作用

本文通过对一组不同Na含量NiZSM-5沸石的酸性、吸附性及催化活性的测试表明于载镍ZSM-5体系中添加碱金属钠离子, 不仅调节沸石的碱酸功能, 而且增加甲苯的吸附性, 提高甲苯的转化率, 表现出助催化效应。     

O(3P)原子和硅烷化学反应动力学研究

本文报道了用流动放电-化学发光技术测定O(~3P)和硅烷化学反应速率常数.在293—413K范围内, 结果为k=(1.05±0.36)×10~(-10)exp[(-3.06±0.10) kcal·mol~(-1) /RT] cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1)并用过渡态理论将上述实验结果外推到200—2000 K范围内. 计算结果以三参数公式表示为: k=7.67×10~(-19) T~(2.59) exp(-720 cal·mol~(-1)/RT) cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1).