3-Tetrahydrofurfuryloxy-2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate: Synthesis,Characterization, Homopolymerization,and Copolymerization

Abstract

3-Tetrahydrofurfuryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate monomer was prepared from methacrylic acid, tetrahydrofurfuryl alchol, and epichlorhydrin. Homopolymerization and copolymerization with (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl)methyl methacrylate and N-vinyl pyrrolidone monomers were carried out in 1,4-dioxane solution at 60°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Infrared, proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used in characterizations of the monomer, the homopolymer and the copolymers were determined by DSC technique. The copolymer compositions were estimated from 1H-NMR spectra. The reactivity ratios in copolymerization of 3-tetrahydrofurfuryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl) methyl methacrylate were calculated by both Kelen-Tüdos and Fineman-Ross methods.     

Chemometric approach to the optimisation of LC-FL and GC-MS methods for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in some biological,food and environmental samples

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and a liquid chromatography–fluorescence (LC-FL) detection method using experimental design and optimisation approach were improved for the quantitative determination of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples. The obtained recoveries of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on both GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 98.5% to 98.9% for nitrite and 97.9% to 98.4% for nitrate. The precision of these methods, as indicated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs), was within the range from 2.4% to 3.6% for nitrite and 2.5% to 3.8% for nitrate, respectively. The limits of detection of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 ng L^?1 for nitrite and 0.02 to 0.71 ng L^?1 for nitrate, respectively. The optimised isolation procedure by central composite design was successfully applied to real samples. The results revealed that the proposed procedure combined with GC-MS and LC-FL techniques is more sensitive, reliable and selective compared to the other methods available for the precise determination of trace levels of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples.     

Observation of entanglement between two light beams spanning an octave in optical frequency

We have experimentally demonstrated how two beams of light separated by an octave in frequency can become entangled after their interaction in a chi;{(2)} nonlinear medium. The entangler was a nonlinear optical resonator that was strongly driven by coherent light at the fundamental and second-harmonic wavelengths. An interconversion between the fields created quantum correlations in the amplitude and phase quadratures, which were measured by two independent homodyne detectors. Analysis of the resulting correlation matrix revealed a wave function inseparability of 0.74(1)<1, thereby satisfying the criterion of entanglement.     

Spectroscopic and theoretical optical properties of indoleninyl-substituted dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes

Two new macrocyclic dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene (DBTAA) compounds with indolenine ( 5 ) and pyridoindolenine ( 6 ) moieties were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy. Both DBTAAs exhibit strong UV-Vis absorption properties in the Soret band region. The theoretical second-order nonlinear optical property, electric dipole moment (μ), dispersion-free dipole polarizability (α) and first hyper-polarizability values were calculated by density functional theory and time dependent density functional theory. The ab-initio quantum mechanical calculation by time-dependent Hartree-Fock method was utilized to investigate the dynamic dipole polarizabilities, dynamic second-order, static, and dynamic third-order (γ) hyper-polarizabilities of the DBTAAs. The configuration interaction technique of all doubly occupied molecular orbitals possesses theoretically defined single-photon absorption (OPA) specifications for the examined structures. The computed maximum OPA wavelengths on both macrocyclic compounds coincide with the preceding measurement outcomes.     

Novel impinging jets-based non-periodic sweeping jets

Journal of Visualization -     

Derivation of Korteweg-de Vries flow equations from the regularized long-wave (RLW) equation

We perform a multiple-time scales analysis and compatibility condition to the regularized long-wave (RLW) equation. We derive Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) flow equation in the bi-Hamiltonian form as an amplitude equation.     

The impact of human activity patterns on asymptomatic infectious processes in complex networks

The study of the impact of human activity patterns on network dynamics has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, individuals’ knowledge of their own physical states has rarely been incorporated into modeling processes. In real life, for certain infectious processes, infected agents may not have any visible or physical signs and symptoms; therefore, they may believe that they are uninfected even when they have been infected asymptomatically. This infection awareness factor is covered neither in the classical epidemic models such as SIS nor in network propagation studies. In this article, we propose a novel infectious process model that differentiates between the infection awareness states and the physical states of individuals and extend the SIS model to deal with both asymptomatic infection characteristics and human activity patterns. With regards to the latter, we focus particularly on individuals’ testing action, which is to determine whether an individual is infected by an epidemic. The simulation results show that less effort is required in controlling the disease when the transmission probability is either very small or large enough and that Poisson activity patterns are more effective than heavy-tailed patterns in controlling and eliminating asymptomatic infectious diseases due to the long-tail characteristic.     

On Semi-Slant $${\varvec{\xi ^\perp }}$$-Riemannian Submersions

The aim of the present paper is to define and study semi-slant \(\xi ^\perp \)-Riemannian submersions from Sasakian manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds as a generalization of anti-invariant \(\xi ^\perp \)-Riemannian submersions, semi-invariant \(\xi ^\perp \)-Riemannian submersions and slant Riemannian submersions. We obtain characterizations, investigate the geometry of foliations which arise from the definition of this new submersion. After we investigate the geometry of foliations, we obtain necessary and sufficient condition for base manifold to be a locally product manifold and proving new conditions to be totally umbilical and totally geodesicness, respectively. Moreover, some examples of such submersions are mentioned.     

Investigation of antioxidant vitamins (A, E, C) and lipid peroxidation levels in rats injected N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) amine

The present study examined the influence of synthetic N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) amine (2-Amdz) on levels of vitamins A, E and C and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats. A total of 30 rats, divided into two groups, were used in the study. The control group was given only a subcutaneous injection of 250 microL 75% ethanol, every other day. The other group of rats was administered a subcutaneous injection of 2-Amdz (25 mg kg-1, dissolved in 250 microL of 75% ethanol). Injections were continued for 16 days. After the application of 2-Amdz for 16 days, the serum levels of vitamins A, E and C and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by HPLC. The serum vitamin A, E, and C levels decreased significantly compared to controls (p<0.05) whereas serum MDA levels were higher than control levels (p<0.005). As a result, it can be suggested that 2-Amdz induced a severe stress and more importantly, increased the amount of free radicals and significantly decreased the levels of serum antioxidant vitamins.