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21.
Haplotype studies support slippage as the mechanism of germline mutations in short tandem repeats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Klintschar M Dauber EM Ricci U Cerri N Immel UD Kleiber M Mayr WR 《Electrophoresis》2004,25(20):3344-3348
Germline mutations of human short tandem repeat (STR) loci are expansions or contractions of repeat arrays which are not well understood in terms of the mechanism(s) underlying such mutations. Although polymerase slippage is generally accepted as a mechanism capable to explain most features of such mutations, it is still possible that unequal crossing over plays some role in those events, as most studies in humans could not exclude unequal crossing over (UCO). Crossing over can be studied by analyzing haplotypes using flanking markers. To check for UCO in mutations, we have analyzed 150 paternity cases for which more than the usual trio (mother, child, and father) were available for testing by analyzing 16 STR loci. In a total of 4900 parent-child allele transfers four mutations were observed at different loci (D8S1179, D18S51, D21S11, and SE33/ACTBP2). To identify the mutated allele and to check for UCO, we typed at least four informative loci flanking the mutated locus and used the pedigree data to establish haplotypes. By doing so we were able to exclude UCO in each case. Moreover, we were able to identify the mutations as one-repeat contractions/expansions. Our data thus support slippage as the mechanism of germline mutations in STRs. 相似文献
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Mohanad A. Hussein Dr. Uyen P. N. Tran Dr. Vien T. Huynh Dr. Junming Ho Dr. Mohan Bhadbhade Prof. Dr. Herbert Mayr Dr. Thanh V. Nguyen 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(4):1471-1475
Tropylium bromide undergoes noncatalyzed, regioselective additions to a large variety of Michael acceptors. In this way, acrylic esters are converted into β-bromo-α-cycloheptatrienylpropionic esters. The reactions are interpreted as nucleophilic attack of bromide ions at the electron-deficient olefins and the approach of the tropylium ion to the incipient carbanion. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the analogy to the amine- or phosphine-catalyzed Rauhut–Currier reactions. Subsequent synthetic transformations of the bromo-cycloheptatrienylated adducts are reported. 相似文献
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Hans A. Laub Prof. Dr. Herbert Mayr 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,20(4):1103-1110
Kinetics of the reactions of benzhydrylium ions (Aryl2CH+) with the vinylsilanes H2C?C(CH3)(SiR3), H2C?C(Ph)(SiR3), and (E)‐PhCH?CHSiMe3 have been measured photometrically in dichloromethane solution at 20 °C. All reactions follow second‐order kinetics, and the second‐order rate constants correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameters E of the benzhydrylium ions, thus allowing us to include vinylsilanes in the benzhydrylium‐based nucleophilicity scale. The vinylsilane H2C?C(CH3)(SiMe3), which is attacked by electrophiles at the CH2 group, reacts one order of magnitude faster than propene, indicating that α‐silyl‐stabilization of the intermediate carbenium ion is significantly weaker than α‐methyl stabilization because H2C?C(CH3)2 is 103 times more reactive than propene. trans‐β‐(Trimethylsilyl)styrene, which is attacked by electrophiles at the silylated position, is even somewhat less reactive than styrene, showing that the hyperconjugative stabilization of the developing carbocation by the β‐silyl effect is not yet effective in the transition state. As a result, replacement of vinylic hydrogen atoms by SiMe3 groups affect the nucleophilic reactivities of the corresponding C?C bonds only slightly, and vinylsilanes are significantly less nucleophilic than structurally related allylsilanes. 相似文献
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Mohanad A. Hussein Uyen P. N. Tran Vien T. Huynh Junming Ho Mohan Bhadbhade Herbert Mayr Thanh V. Nguyen 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(4):1455-1459
Tropylium bromide undergoes noncatalyzed, regioselective additions to a large variety of Michael acceptors. In this way, acrylic esters are converted into β‐bromo‐α‐cycloheptatrienylpropionic esters. The reactions are interpreted as nucleophilic attack of bromide ions at the electron‐deficient olefins and the approach of the tropylium ion to the incipient carbanion. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the analogy to the amine‐ or phosphine‐catalyzed Rauhut–Currier reactions. Subsequent synthetic transformations of the bromo‐cycloheptatrienylated adducts are reported. 相似文献
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