Electronically varied quinazolinaps for asymmetric catalysis

The synthesis and resolution of electronically varied axially chiral Quinazolinaps is reported. These ligands bear different aryl groups on the donor phosphorus atom and were synthesised as part of our investigations into electronic effects within this ligand class. A diastereomerically pure palladacycle of one ligand was characterised by X-ray crystallography. The application of these Quinazolinaps to the rhodium-catalysed hydroboration of vinylarenes resulted in enantioselectivities of up to 92%. Their application to the palladium-catalysed allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyl acetate resulted in conversions of up to 99% and enantioselectivities of up to 94%.     

Rapid method for determination of plutonium, americium and curium in large soil samples

The analysis of actinides in environmental soil and sediment samples is very important for environmental monitoring. There is a need to measure actinide isotopes with very low detection limits. A new, rapid actinide separation method has been developed and implemented that allows the measurement of plutonium, americium and curium isotopes in large soil samples (100–200 g) with high chemical recoveries and effective removal of matrix interferences. This method uses stacked TEVA Resin®, TRU Resin® and DGA-Resin® cartridges from Eichrom Technologies (Darien, IL, USA) that allows the rapid separation of plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), and curium (Cm) using a single multi-stage column combined with alpha-spectrometry. The method combines an acid leach step and innovative matrix removal using cerium fluoride precipitation to remove the difficult soil matrix. This method is unique in that it provides high tracer recoveries and effective removal of interferences with small extraction chromatography columns instead of large ion-exchange resin columns that generate large amounts of acid waste. By using vacuum box cartridge technology with rapid flow rates, sample preparation time is minimized.     

Regioselective reactivity of an asymmetric tetravalent di[dihydroxotin(IV)] bis-porphyrin host driven by hydrogen-bond templation

Local molecular environment effects on the rates of ligand exchange at an asymmetric di[dihydroxotin(IV)] bis-porphyrin 5 are examined. The host 5 possesses four non-equivalent tin(IV)-ligand binding sites that are distinguished by their position relative to a shallow cavity, by the steric environment at each binding site and by electronic-structure differences between the constituent porphyrin and quinoxalinoporphyrin macrocycles. These design features of the asymmetric host are confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Binding experiments with monodentate carboxylic acids and bidentate dicarboxylic acids show significant differences in the rate of ligand exchange at each of the four tin(IV) binding sites. For monodentate carboxylic acids, binding preferentially occurs at the exterior porphyrin site. Further addition of carboxylic acid results in sequential binding at the quinoxalinoporphyrin sites and lastly at the interior site on the porphyrin, with high regioselectivity. These selective binding outcomes are immediately apparent by NMR spectroscopy. A series of 2D NMR spectroscopy experiments allowed identification of the preferred binding sites at the host. This positively identifies that steric hindrance and electron-withdrawing functionality on the porphyrin macrocycle impede ligand exchange. However, these effects are overcome by dicarboxylic acid guests, which form ditopic hydrogen-bond interactions between the intracavity hydroxo ligands in the initial stage of ligand exchange, leading to regioselective binding between the tin(IV) sites within the cavity. It is envisaged that the factors identified herein that define regioselective ligand exchange at host 5 will find wider application in supramolecular systems incorporating tin(IV) porphyrins.     

Positioning a Carbon–Fluorine Bond over the π Cloud of an Aromatic Ring: A Different Type of Arene Activation

It is known that the fluoro group has only a small effect on the rates of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Imagine instead a carbon–fluorine (C?F) bond positioned tightly over the π cloud of an aryl ring—such an orthogonal, noncovalent arrangement could instead stabilize a positively charged arene intermediate or transition state, giving rise to novel electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of molecule 1 , containing a rigid C?F???Ar interaction that plays a prominent role in both its reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. For example, we established that the C?F???Ar interaction can bring about a >1500 fold increase in the relative rate of an aromatic nitration reaction, affording functionalization on the activated ring exclusively. Overall, these results establish fluoro as a through‐space directing/activating group that complements the traditional role of fluorine as a slightly deactivating aryl substituent in nitrations.     

Thermal degradation in a trimodal poly(dimethylsiloxane) network studied by (1)H multiple quantum NMR

Thermal degradation of a filled, cross-linked siloxane material synthesized from poly(dimethylsiloxane) chains of three different average molecular weights and with two different cross-linking species has been studied by (1)H multiple quantum (MQ) NMR methods. Multiple domains of polymer chains were detected by MQ NMR exhibiting residual dipolar coupling () values of 200 and 600 Hz, corresponding to chains with high average molecular weight between cross-links and chains with low average molecular weight between cross-links or near the multifunctional cross-linking sites. Characterization of the values and changes in distributions present in the material were studied as a function of time at 250 degrees C and indicate significant time-dependent degradation. For the domains with low , a broadening in the distribution was observed with aging time. For the domain with high , increases in both the mean and the width in were observed with increasing aging time. Isothermal thermal gravimetric analysis reveals a 3% decrease in weight over 20 h of aging at 250 degrees C. Degraded samples also were analyzed by traditional solid-state (1)H NMR techniques, and off-gassing products were identified by solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results, which will be discussed here, suggest that thermal degradation proceeds by complex competition between oxidative chain scissioning and postcuring cross-linking that both contribute to embrittlement.     

Biomolecules-carbon nanotubes doped conducting polymer nanocomposites and their sensor application

A simple method for preparing bio-functionalized soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is described. Different proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome c and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to solubilize low functionality SWNTs in water aided by sonication. The unbound proteins were removed by column chromatography and the SWNT-protein conjugate was used as the sole anionic dopant in electropolymerization of polypyrrole from polymerization solution at pH above the isoelectric point of the protein to provide a negative charge. The morphology of the polypyrrole with SWNT-protein dopant was found to be three-dimensional and fibrous with wide open interlocking pores in contrast to smooth and cauliflower-like for chloride doped polypyrrole. Enhanced sensor performance was demonstrated for hydrogen peroxide detection on polypyrrole/SWCNT-HRP nanocomposites modified electrode. Such nanocomposites can be potentially applied for other biosensor and bio-fuel cell applications.     

多元络合物显色反应的研究——Ⅰ.稀土-铬天青S-1, 10-邻菲啰啉-溴化十六烷基三甲铵体系

近年来在分析化学中广泛使用多元络合物,它的优越性在于提高了反应的灵敏度和选择性.在三元络合物中,一般说来,混合配位体络合物(混配络合物)的选择性较好,而胶束增溶络合物(胶溶络合物)的灵敏度较高,这在稀土多元络合物的显色反应中也表现得很明显.为了提高多元络合物显色反应的灵敏度和改善选择性,我们设想把混配络合物和胶溶络合物统一在一个多元络合物体系中.胶溶络合物中以三苯甲烷染料研究最多,其中应用较广的是铬天青S和铬菁R,因此,我们对稀土-铬天青S-1,10-邻菲啰啉-溴化十六烷基三甲铵四元络合物的显色反应进行系统的研究.     

Cd对纤锌矿ZnO极化特性的影响以及Zn0.75Cd0.25O/ZnO界面能带偏差的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理GGA+U方法研究了Zn1-xCdxO合金的品格常数以及自发极化随Cd组分x的变化关系,其中极化特性的计算采用Berry-phase方法,同时计算了禁带宽度随Cd组分x的变化关系,并得到了能隙弯曲参数0.69.此外,通过计算宏观平均静电势的方法得到了(5 +3)Cd0.25Cd0.750/ZnO超晶格界面处的价带偏差为0.13 eV,导带偏差与价带偏差的比值为4/13,并且Zn1-xCdxO/ZnO界面两侧能带呈现Ⅰ型排列,这些研究结果将对Zn1-xCdxO/ZnO界面二维电子气的设计与优化起到重要作用.     

Quantification of radiation induced crosslinking in a commercial, toughened silicone rubber, TR55 by H MQ-NMR

Radiation induced degradation in a commercial, filled silicone composite has been studied by SPME/GC-MS, DMA, DSC, swelling, and multiple quantum NMR. Analysis of volatile and semi-volatile species indicates degradation via decomposition of the peroxide curing catalyst and radiation induced backbiting reactions. DMA, swelling, and spin-echo NMR analysis indicate an increase in crosslink density of near 100% upon exposure to a cumulative dose of 250 kGray. Analysis of the sol fraction via Charlesby-Pinner analysis indicates a ratio of chain scission to crosslinking yields of 0.38, consistent with the dominance of the crosslinking observed by DMA, swelling and spin-echo NMR and the chain scissioning reactions observed by MS analysis. Multiple quantum NMR has revealed a bimodal distribution of residual dipolar couplings near 1 krad/s and 5 krad/s in an approximately 90:10 ratio, consistent with bulk network chains and chains associated with the filler surface. Upon exposure to radiation, the mean 〈Ω_d〉 for both domains and the width of both domains increased. The MQ-NMR analysis provided increased insight into the effects of ionizing radiation on the network structure of silicone polymers.