Heavy metal removal with magnetic coffee grain

The presence of heavy metals in environmental waters having an important place in the industrial waste is a major threat to viability. Heavy metals are transported to humans through the ecological cycle, damaging many tissues and organs. In recent years, agricultural and food waste can be used to remove heavy metals. At the present study, magnetically modified coffee grains which are alternative to conventional particle systems were prepared and heavy metal removal performances were investigated. The coffee grains used were magnetically modified by contact with water-based magnetic fluid. Magnetically modified coffee grains were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and electron spin resonance (ESR). Adsorption studies are made with four different heavy metal ions, namely Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II). Adsorption isotherms were determined and heavy metal removal performance of magnetic coffee grains were investigated from synthetic waste water.     

Update on ignition studies at CEA

This article sums up the theoretical and experimental studies about ignition. Three experiments are salient this year on the Omega laser in collaboration with DOE laboratories (1) 3 cones of beams allow to mimic the LMJ configuration and to get symmetry measurements. (2) We measured perturbations due to hydro-instability in CHGe planar samples with face-on and side-on radiographs. (3) We improved our nuclear diagnostics, particularly the neutron image system tested on direct drive implosions. As far as LMJ target design is concerned, we defined a preliminary domain corresponding to the possible operation at 2ω. At 3ω we studied the low mode instability effects on the DT deformation (due to the laser or to the target) and on the yield. The stability is clearly improved with graded doped CH for our nominal capsule L1215.     

Etude thermoanalytique de quelques steroides. I. Testosterone et derives

The thermoanalytical study of testosterone (a), phenylpropionate (b), and decanoate (c) of testosterone has enabled the existence of polymorphs for (b) and (c) to be shown and to confirm that of (a). The thermal stability, decomposition kinetics of commercial forms of testosterone (I), phenylpropionate (I) and decanoate (II) of testosterone have been determined; their temperatures and intervals of fusion are given. Knowing the thermal behaviour of these drugs, their degree of purity: 99.69 ± 0.08% (a), 99.78 ± 0.07% (b), 99.53 ± 0.08% (c), their enthalpy 6151 ± 255 (a), 6123 ± 147 (b), 8598 ± 164 (c) cal mole^?1, and entropy have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry.     

Chemical preparation and X-ray structure determination of K0.30NbF3

The preparation and crystal structure of K_0.30NbF₃ single crystals are described. The compound is orthorhombic with a = 7.540(3), b = 13.06(2), c = 7.750(3), Å, space group C222₁. The structure refines to R = 0.044 with 455 reflections. The framework derives from the Magneli hexagonal tungsten bronze and is similar to the K_0.25VF₃ orthorhombic phase.     

Thermoanalytical and Spectral Study of Efaroxan Hydrochloride

The physicochemical characterization of the solid-state enantiomers and racemate of efaroxan hydrochloride (C13H17N2O+Cl-, M=252.5 g mol-1) was performed by thermoanalytical methods (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and thermomicroscopy) and spectral methods (infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry). The efaroxan enantiomers and racemate were shown to be unstable near the melting point. At the beginning of the decomposition, a loss of hydrogen chloride was observed. However when sealed pans were used, the compounds decomposed at higher temperature, allowing a precise evaluation of the melting enthalpies by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The nature of the racemate and its thermal stability were assessed by evaluating its free formation enthalpy. An enantiotropic solid-solid transformation (II→I) was noted for the racemate; the reverse process (I→II) follows zero-order kinetics. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Design and implementation plan for indirect-drive highly nonlinear ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability experiments on the National Ignition Facility

In the context of National Ignition Facility Basic Science program we propose to study on the NIF ablative Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability in transition from weakly nonlinear to highly nonlinear regimes. Based on the analogy between flame front and ablation front, highly nonlinear RT instability measurements at the ablation front can provide important insights into the initial deflagration stage of thermonuclear supernovae of type Ia. NIF provides a unique platform to study the rich physics of nonlinear and turbulent mixing flows in High Energy Density plasmas because it can accelerate targets over much larger distances and longer time periods than previously achieved on the NOVA and OMEGA lasers. In one shot, growth of RT modulations can be measured from the weakly nonlinear stage near nonlinear saturation levels to the highly nonlinear bubble-competition, bubble-merger regimes and perhaps into a turbulent-like regime. The role of ablation on highly-nonlinear RT instability evolution will be comprehensively studied by varying ablation velocity using indirect and direct-drive platforms. We present a detailed hydrocode design of the indirect-drive platform and discuss the implementation plan for these experiments which only use NIF diagnostics already qualified.     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">In Situ</Emphasis> Experiments with X ray Tomography: an Attractive Tool for Experimental Mechanics

This paper aims at illustrating the potential of X-ray tomography for studying the mechanical behaviour of materials through in situ experiments. Typical experimental tomography set ups which use laboratory and synchrotron X ray sources are described; advantages and limitations of both types of sources are presented. Dedicated experimental devices which allow deformation and/or temperature changes to be applied to various types of materials are described. Examples of results of in situ mechanical experiments are presented and discussed; they include monotonic tensile testing of steel fiber entanglements, high temperature compression and room temperature fatigue of Al alloys. Examples of quantitative assessment of localisation of deformation in the interior of optically opaque samples under mechanical loading are also described.     

Benzyltriphenylphosphonium gluta­conaldehyde

The title compound, C₂₅H₂₂P⁺·C₅H₅O₂^?, crystallizes in space group P2₁/c. The phospho­nium cations form zigzag chains with P?P distances of 6.475 (1) and 8.287 (2) Å, and are related by inversion centres. Two types of attractive edge‐to‐face phenyl interactions exist, resulting in a dominant supramolecular motif. The glutaconaldehyde anions occupy the interchain spacing and hold adjacent chains together via multiple C—­H?O hydrogen bonds. The bond‐length alternation, a parameter which reveals the non‐linear optical efficiency at the molecular level, is optimized in the chromophore anion.