DC-Pulsed Plasma for Dry Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

The carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas under DC-pulsed plasma was investigated. The effects of specific input energy and feed ratio on the product distribution and also feed conversion was studied. At the input energy of about 11 eV/molecule per methane and/or carbon dioxide the feed conversion of 38% for CH₄ and 28% for CO₂ and product selectivity of 74% has been attained for H₂ and CO at feed flow rate of 90 ml/min. The energy consumption in this work displays potential to further study and optimization of the process. The importance of the electron impact reactions in the process was discussed. The results show that by prudent tuning of system variables, the process be able to run in the way of synthesis gas, instead of hydrocarbon production.     

Protic ionic liquid [TMG][Ac] as an efficient,homogeneous and recyclable catalyst for Boc protection of amines

An efficient and practical protocol for the chemoselective N-Boc protection of various structurally different aryl, aliphatic and heterocyclic amines was carried out with (Boc)₂O using protic 1, 1, 3, 3-tetra-methylguanidinium acetate (10 mol%) as recyclable catalyst under solvent free condition at ambient temperature. No competitive side reactions (isocyanate, urea and N, N-di-Boc) were observed. α-Amino alcohols afforded the N-Boc-derivative without oxazolidinone formation.     

The thermal conductivities enhancement of mono ethylene glycol and paraffin fluids by adding β-SiC nanoparticles

Changes in the thermal conductivities of paraffin and mono ethylene glycol (MEG) as a function of β-SiC nanoparticle concentration and size was studied. An enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity was found for both fluids (i.e., both paraffin and MEG) upon the addition of nanoparticles. Although an enhancement in thermal conductivity was found, the degree of enhancement depended on the nanoparticle concentration in a complex way. An increase in particle-to-particle interactions is thought to be the cause of the enhancement. However, the enhancement became muted at higher particle concentrations compared to lower ones. This phenomenon can be related to nanoparticles interactions. An improvement in the thermal conductivities for both fluids was also found as the nanoparticle size shrank. It is believed that the larger Brownian motion for smaller particles causes more particle-to-particle interactions, which, in turn, improves the thermal conductivity. The role that the base-fluid plays in the enhancement is complex. Lower fluid viscosities are believed to contribute to greater enhancement, but a second effect, the interaction of the fluid with the nanoparticle surface, can be even more important. Nanoparticle-liquid suspensions generate a shell of organized liquid molecules on the particle surface. These organized molecules more efficiently transmit energy, via phonons, to the bulk of the fluid. The efficient energy transmission results in enhanced thermal conductivity. The experimentally measured thermal conductivities of the suspensions were compared to a variety of models. None of the models proved to adequately predict the thermal conductivities of the nanoparticle suspensions.     

Thermal analysis of CsH<Subscript>2</Subscript>PO<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles using surfactants CTAB and F-68

A study concerned to thermogravimetric analysis is performed in cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CsH₂PO₄) that was synthesized, using cetyltrimethylammonium-bromide (CTAB), polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (F-68) and mixture of (F-68:CTAB) with two mole ratio 0.06 and 0.12 as surfactant. The dehydration behavior of particles was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric. Subsequently, the experimental results indicated that the first dehydration temperature in the range of 237–239 °C upon heating, the second peaks occur at temperature range 290–295 °C and overlapping in the thermogravimetric events is observed. The mass loss values are obtained in the range of 6.62–6.97 wt% that is less than reported theoretical value 7.8 wt%. These values show well compatibility of reaction CsH₂PO₄ to Cs₂H₂P₂O₇ with 3.92 wt% whereas mass loss value of CsH₂PO₄ to CsPO₃ is less than theoretical value 7.8 wt%. The activation energy of two steps dehydration are calculated using Kissinger equation for the samples synthesized via CTAB and (F-68) with minimum value mass loss 6.62% and maximum value mass loss 6.97%, respectively. The calculation results reveal that the reaction rate in the first step (CsH₂PO₄ → Cs₂H₂P₂O₇) is faster than the second step (CsH₂PO₄ → CsPO₃). The weight loss values of the samples demonstrate that existence of CTAB can be considered as effective factor which prevents more weight loss during the dehydration process.     

Application of phosphotungstic acid–nickel composite-modified carbon paste electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol in alkaline solution

Phosphotungstic acid (PWA) was used for accumulation of nickel ions at the carbon paste electrode for preparation of PWA-modified CPE (PWA/CPE). The PWA was evenly mixed with graphite powder and paraffin oil. Then, for preparation of Ni/PWA/CPE, Ni ions were included onto the PWA/CPE surface through immersion method at open circuit condition. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electrochemical methods were used to verify the prepared electrodes. The SEM images reveal that morphology of the CPE was influenced by PWA addition. Application of the Ni/PWA/CPE for methanol oxidation was explored by various electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical response of methanol oxidation at the surface of Ni/PWA/CPE was 2.5 times higher than that Ni/CPE. The obtained results indicated that the modified electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation. Then, catalytic rate constant was found to be 8.25 × 10⁴ cm³ mol ^?1 s^?1 using chronoamperometry method. Furthermore, the effects of several parameters, such as PWA loading, NiSO₄ concentration, accumulation time and methanol concentration toward methanol oxidation at the surface of this modified electrode as well as stability, have been investigated.     

Solubility of H2S in ionic liquids [hmim][PF6], [hmim][BF4], and [hmim][Tf2N]

The solubility of hydrogen sulphide in three ionic liquids, viz. 1-hexyl-3-methylilmidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([hmim][PF₆]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([hmim][BF₄]), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([hmim][Tf₂N]), at temperatures ranging from 303.15 K to 343.15 K and pressures up to 1.1 MPa were determined. The solubility values were correlated using the Krichevsky–Kasarnovsky equation and Henry’s constants were obtained at different temperatures. Partial molar thermodynamic functions of solvation such as standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated from the solubility results. Comparison of the values obtained show that the solubility of H₂S in these three ionic liquids was in the sequence: [hmim][BF₄] > [hmim][PF₆] ≈ [hmim][Tf₂N].     

Old Reagent,New Results: Aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridines with Supported Bismuth Nitrate under Microwave Irradiation in Solventless System

Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyriines were rapidly and efficiently oxidized using bismuth nitrate supported onto silica gel under microwave irradiation.     

A Methodology for Temperature Correction When Using Two-Color Pyrometers - Compensation for Surface Topography and Material

In this investigation, the applicability of the two-color pyrometer technique for temperature measurements in dry hard turning of AISI 52100 steel was studied, where both machined surfaces as well as cutting tools were considered. The impacts of differing hard turned surface topography on the two-color pyrometer readings was studied by conducting temperature measurements on reference samples created using cutting tools with different degrees of tool flank wear. In order to conduct measurements in a controlled environment, a specially designed furnace was developed in which the samples were heated step-wise up to 1,000 °C in a protective atmosphere. At each testing temperature, the temperatures measured by the two-color pyrometer were compared with temperatures recorded by thermocouples. For all materials and surfaces as studied here, the two-color pyrometer generally recorded significantly lower temperatures than the thermocouples; for the hard turned surfaces, depending on the surface topography, the temperatures were as much as ~20 % lower and for the CBN cutting tools, ~13 % lower. To be able to use the two-color pyrometer technique for temperature measurements in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel, a linear approximation function was determined resulting in three unique equations, one for each of the studied materials and surfaces. By using the developed approximation function, the measured cutting temperatures can be adjusted to compensate for differing materials or surface topographies for comparable machining conditions. Even though the proposed equations are unique for the hard turning conditions as studied here, the proposed methodology can be applied to determine the temperature compensation required for other surface topographies, as well as other materials.     

A New Reaction of Isatin,Cyclic 1,3‐Diketone,and 2‐Cyanoacetamide: A Four‐Component Synthesis of Spirooxindoles

A novel reaction of isatins, 2‐cyanoacetamide, and cyclic 1,3‐diketones in ethanol was reported. The reaction gave the unexpected spirooxindole ethyl carboxylates in excellent yields and the spirooxindole carboxamide was not observed.