A spectrophotometric flow-injection method for determining copper(II) has been developed. It is based on the catalytic effect of copper(II) on the oxidative coupling of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Pyridine and ammonia as activators increased the absorbance for the copper(II)-catalyzed coloration, and the dye formed was stabilized by adding a non-ionic surfactant. The working range of the method was 0.1-2.0 ng ml(-1) of cooper(II) with a relative standard deviation 2.4% at a sampling rate of 30 h(-1). Interference from iron(III) was effectively suppressed by citric acid. Copper in natural water samples can be determined easily. 相似文献
Several tri- and di-organo(oxinato)-silanes and -germanes have been prepared from corresponding organo-silazanes or -germazanes. The UV spectra indicate that the compounds involve either chelated or non-chelated oxinato groups or both depending on the number and kind of organic groups on the metal atom. The PMR spectra of RR′Si(OX)2 (R = alkyl, R′ = vinyl or phenyl) are interpreted in terms of rapid exchanges between the two kinds of oxinato groups 相似文献
Magnesium alkylidene carbenoids were generated from 1-chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides with i-PrMgCl at −78 °C in THF or toluene via the sulfoxide-magnesium exchange reaction. Reaction of the generated magnesium alkylidene carbenoids with lithium acetylides or lithium thiolates gave conjugated enynes or vinyl sulfides, respectively, in moderate to good yields. The intermediate of this reaction was found to be the alkenyl anion and it could be trapped with some electrophiles to give tetra-substituted conjugated enynes and vinyl sulfides. 相似文献
A variety of aromatic compounds with both activating and deactivating substituents were brominated with sodium monobromoisocyanurate (SMBI) 1, diethyl ether, diethyl ether-methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or sulfuric acid were employed as solvents. Thus nitrobenzene was conveniently brominated in sulfuric acid, benzene was readily monobrominated in diethyl ether-methanesulfonic acid, and phenol was selectively brominated at the ortho position under mild conditions in refluxing diethyl ether. With substituents that are easily protonated, trifluoroacetic acid may be employed as solvent in the reaction with 1, in contrast NBS was ineffective in trifluoroacetic acid. This renders 1 a superior reagent relative to NBS. In addition to aromatics, alkenes, ketones and esters were also brominated with 1. Diethyl malonate was brominated with 1 and then subjected to a Bingel reaction with NaH to afford the desired methanofullerene in reasonable yield. 相似文献
The most widely used method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbonyl compounds is the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method through the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. However, this method may cause an analytical error because 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have both E- and Z-stereoisomers. Purified aldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone demonstrated only the E-isomer. However under UV irradiation and the addition of acid, both E- and Z-isomers were seen. The spectral patterns of Z-isomers were different from those of E-isomers and the absorption maximum wavelengths were shifted towards shorter wavelengths by 5-8 nm. An equilibrium Z/E isomer ratio was observed in 0.02-0.2% (v/v) phosphoric acid solutions. In the case of acetaldehyde- and propanal-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, the equilibrium Z/E isomer ratios were 0.32 and 0.14, respectively. However, when irradiated with ultraviolet light at 364 nm, the isomer ratios were increased beyond this constant ratio and reached 0.55 and 0.33, respectively. Zero-order rates for decreases of aldehyde derivatives were observed under UV irradiation (364 nm), however the decreases of concentration were not observed in phosphoric acid solutions. The best method for the determination of aldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by HPLC is to add phosphoric acid to both the sample and the standard solution, to form a 0.02-1% acid solution. 相似文献
A chitosan resin functionalized with 3-nitro-4-amino benzoic acid moiety (CCTS-NABA resin) was newly synthesized for the collection/concentration of trace molybdenum by using cross-linked chitosan (CCTS) as base material. The carboxyl group of the moiety was chemically attached to amino group of cross-linked chitosan through amide bond formation. The adsorption behavior of molybdenum as well as other 60 elements on the resin was examined by passing the sample solutions through a mini-column packed with the resin. After the elution of the elements collected on the resin with 1 M HNO3, the eluates were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
The CCTS-NABA resin can adsorb several metal ions, such as vanadium, gallium, arsenic, selenium, silver, bismuth, thorium, tungsten, tin, tellurium, copper, and molybdenum at appropriate pHs. Among these metal ions, only molybdenum could be adsorbed almost completely on the resin at acidic regions. An excellent selectivity toward molybdenum could be obtained at pH 3–4. The adsorption capacity of CCTS-NABA resin for Mo(VI) was 380 mg g−1 resin. Through the column pretreatment, alkali and alkaline earth metals in river water and seawater samples were successfully removed.
The CCTS-NABA resin was applied to the adsorption/collection of molybdenum in river water and seawater samples. The concentrations of molybdenum in river water samples were found in the range of 0.84 and 0.95 ppb (ng g−1), whereas molybdenum in seawater was about 9 ppb. The validation of the proposed method was carried out by determining molybdenum in the certified reference materials of SLRS-4, CASS-4, and NASS-5 after passing through the CCTS-NABA resin; the results showed good agreement with the certified values. 相似文献
Mercury contents in head hair of 58 dentists employed at the NUSD hospital and 50 dentists employed at the private hospitals or clinics were determined using neutron activation analysis. The arithmetic means were 5.8 ppm and 5.2 ppm, and geometric means were 5.4 ppm and 4.8 ppm, respectively. They were much lower than the values reported in the past year, and agreed well with those of normal Japanese men of the same age. Therefore, it was concluded that the mercury pollution in the working environment of dentists might be practically non-existent in Japan today. 相似文献
The chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) produces a variety of plant secondary metabolites with remarkable structural diversity and biological activities (e.g., chalcones, stilbenes, benzophenones, acrydones, phloroglucinols, resorcinols, pyrones, and chromones). Here we describe an octaketide-producing novel plant-specific type III PKS from aloe (Aloe arborescens) sharing 50-60% amino acid sequence identity with other plant CHS-superfamily enzymes. A recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed seven successive decarboxylative condensations of malonyl-CoA to yield aromatic octaketides SEK4 and SEK4b, the longest polyketides known to be synthesized by the structurally simple type III PKS. Surprisingly, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a single residue Gly207 (corresponding to the CHS's active site Thr197) determines the polyketide chain length and product specificity. Small-to-large substitutions (G207A, G207T, G207M, G207L, G207F, and G207W) resulted in loss of the octaketide-forming activity and concomitant formation of shorter chain length polyketides (from triketide to heptaketide) including a pentaketide chromone, 2,7-dihydroxy-5-methylchromone, and a hexaketide pyrone, 6-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone, depending on the size of the side chain. Notably, the functional diversity of the type III PKS was shown to evolve from simple steric modulation of the chemically inert single residue lining the active-site cavity accompanied by conservation of the Cys-His-Asn catalytic triad. This provided novel strategies for the engineered biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important plant polyketides. 相似文献
[reaction: see text] (Z)-2-Fluoro-1-alkenyl(phenyl)iodonium salts were stereoselectively prepared by the reaction of alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium salts with aqueous HF in good yields. The method is applicable to the synthesis of fluoroalkenyliodonium salts having functional groups such as ketone, ester, and chloride. (Z)-2-Fluoro-1-alkene, (Z)-2-fluoro-2-alkenoate, and (Z)-beta-fluoroenyne could be stereoselectively prepared from the fluoroalkenyliodonium salt. 相似文献