Uncertainty relations for joint measurements of noncommuting observables

Universally valid uncertainty relations are proven in a model independent formulation for inherent and unavoidable extra noises in arbitrary joint measurements on single systems, from which Heisenberg's original uncertainty relation is proven valid for any joint measurements with statistically independent noises.     

Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage in Ti1.6V0.4Ni1−xCox Icosahedral Quasicrystalline Alloys

The discovery of the icosahedral phase (i‐phase) in rapidly quenched Ti_1.6V_0.4Ni_1?xCo_x (x=0.02–0.1) alloys is described herein. The i‐phase occurs in a similar amount relative to the coexisting β‐Ti phase. The electron diffraction patterns show the distinct spot anisotropy, indicating that the i‐phase is metastable. The electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of these five alloy electrodes are also reported herein. The hydrogen desorption of nonelectrochemical recombination in the cyclic voltammetric (CV) response exhibits the demand for electrocatalytic activity improvement. A discharge capacity of 261.5 mA h g^?1 was measured in a Ti_1.6V_0.4Ni_0.96Co_0.04 alloy electrode at 30 mA g^?1 and 303 K and it is shown that an appropriate amount of Co element addition would enhance the cycling stability at the expense of high‐rate discharging ability.     

Femtosecond laser ionization of organic amines with very low ionization potentials: relatively small suppressed ionization features

We examined the femtosecond nonresonant ionization of organic amines with vertical ionization potentials as low as 5.95 eV. The quantitative evaluation of suppressed ionization relative to the single active electron approximation model was done by comparing the saturation intensity, I(sat), in experiments and theory. ADK theory was found to be useful in predicting the ionization yield in the I(sat) scale within a factor of 2, even for molecules with very low ionization potentials. The degree of suppression was, however, smaller than that of benzene. The localization of electrons on the nitrogen atom was found to affect the ionization behavior under the strong laser field. The delocalized pi electrons in benzene could not follow the laser field adiabatically, while those in localized molecular orbitals could. In addition, the growth of a tunneling barrier due to the screening effect in amines may be relatively smaller than that in benzene.     

Direct synthesis of fused indoles by gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization of diynes

A direct, concise, and atom-economical synthetic method for the generation of fused indoles, using a gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization of diynes, has been developed. The reaction gave various fused indoles, such as aryl-annulated[a]carbazoles, dihydrobenzo[g]indoles, and azepino- or oxepinoindole derivatives in good to excellent yields, through an intramolecular cascade 5-endo-dig hydroamination followed by a 6- or 7-endo-dig cycloisomerization, without producing theoretical byproduct. Three of the resulting indoles exhibited potent antifungal activities against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum, demonstrating the practical application of the described cascade reaction for drug discovery.     

Extraction—spectrophotometric determination of traces of thallium in lead,cadmium, indium and zinc metals with tri-n-octylamine

A sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of thallium in lead, cadmium, indium and zinc metals. Optimal conditions have been established for the extraction and determination of thallium. Thallium is extracted as its bromo complex with tri-n-octylamine and then converted to an iodo complex, the absorbance of which is measured at 400 nm. As little as 1 p.p.m. of thallium in lead, cadmium and zinc metals, and 2 p.p.m. of thallium in indium metal can be determined.     

Path integral Monte Carlo method for ab initio calculation

The Feynman path integral method is applied to the many-electron problem. We first give new closure relations in terms of ordinary complex and real numbers, which could be derived from an arbitrary complete set of state vectors. Then, in the path integral form, the partition function of the system and the ensemble average of energy are explicitly expressed in terms of these closure relations. It is impossible to evaluate the path integral by direct numerical integrations because of its huge amount of integration variables. Therefore, we develop an algorithm by the Monte Carlo method with constraints corresponding to the normalization condition of states to calculate the required integral. Finally, the ensemble average of energy for the hydrogen molecule is explicitly evaluated by the quantum Monte Carlo method and results are compared with the result obtained by the ordinary full configuration interaction (CI) method. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Bitterness suppression of BCAA solutions by L-ornithine

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bitterness-suppressing effect of L-ornithine (L-Orn) on single or mixed solutions of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) using human gustatory sensation tests and an artificial taste sensor. The BCAAs tested (L-isoleucine (L-Ile), L-leucine (L-Leu), and L-valine (L-Val)) are the main components of various enteral nutrients or supplements. The bitterness-suppression effect of L-Orn was also compared with the effect of L-Arg. L-Orn was effective in suppressing the bitterness of single or mixed solutions of BCAAs in human gustatory sensation tests, the effect being similar to or greater than that of L-Arg. The artificial taste sensor was able to predict the bitterness-suppressing effects of L-Orn and L-Arg. The response electric potential patterns of L-Val, L-Leu and L-Ile solutions to which 100 mM L-Arg had been added were quite similar to the sensor response patterns of the 100 mM L-Arg solutions alone. The relative response electric potential patterns of L-Val, L-Leu or L-Ile solutions containing 100 mM L-Orn in channels 5-8 (positively charged) are similar to that of single solution of 100 mM L-Orn.     

Lead chloride-based layered perovskite incorporated with an excited state intramolecular proton transfer dye

We successfully fabricated thin films of organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compound (AEHBA)₂PbCl₄, where AEHBA stands for N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, a blue fluorescent dye that shows excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction. The formation of its highly ordered structure was readily achieved by the spin-coating of N,N-dimethylformamide solution dissolving PbCl₂ and the AEHBA hydrogen chloride salt. X-ray diffraction analysis of the films revealed that organic AEHBA and inorganic PbCl₄ perovskite layers were alternately stacked parallel to the substrate. In the absorption spectrum, exciton formation within the perovskite layers was confirmed by the appearance of a characteristic sharp band, while the photoluminescence spectrum showed a large Stokes-shifted band of AEHBA, indicating that it underwent an ESIPT.