Reappraisal of four different approaches for finding the mean reaction time in the multi-trap variant of the Adam-Delbrück problem

Adam and Delbrück argued that the dimensionality of the diffusion space determines the average lifetime of a diffusing particle confined to a region with a central trap. Doubts have often been aired as to whether their calculation is relevant to real biological systems, where the number of traps is usually much larger than unity; or whether the rate enhancement is merely a manifestation of an increase in the concentration of the traps; or whether the diverse multi-trap versions of their expression for the mean lifetime in two dimensions are trustworthy. These issues are addressed, and the long-standing problem of finding the low-density limit of trapping time in two dimensions solved, by examining previous treatments of the problem, and by carrying out simulations of two-dimensional systems in which the particles undergo a Pearsonian random walk, and the traps are distributed randomly or on a square lattice. The mean lifetimes are found to be different in the two situations, and it is concluded that the neglect of this aspect lies at the root of the conflict between some of the existing expressions for the mean lifetime. Relations expressing the mean lifetime as a function of the concentration of the traps are presented together with a discussion of their applicability.     

Model experiments for determinations of zinc—amino acid complexes in biological fluids by polarography

The Ilkovi? constant was determined for zinc and zinc—amino acid complexes by using differential pulse polarography in 0.1 M sodium chloride—sodium diethylbarbiturate buffer at pH 7.4. A single well-behaved wave was obtained, except for cysteine and cystine for which useful calibration curves could not be obtained. The non-equilibrium dialysis of the amino acid complexes was studied in a hollow-fiber dialyzer. It is concluded that the dialysis step could be used in a method intended to measure available zinc but that the polarographic method needs further modification.     

()‐12‐Oxotri­cyclo­[6.2.2.01,6]­dodec­ane‐10‐carboxyl­ic acid: hydrogen bonding in a tricyclic δ‐keto acid

The ring system of the title compound, C₁₃H₁₈O₃, was synthesized by addition of ethyl acryl­ate to the dien­amine of 2‐octalone. The keto acid aggregates in the solid as acid‐to‐acid dimers [O?O = 2.663 (2) Å and O—H?O = 170 (3)°] whose centrosymmetric hydrogen bonds lie across the a edges and the center of the chosen cell. Three intermolecular C—H?O close contacts within 2.7 Å were found involving the ketone group.     

Sequential Determination of Hydrocortisone and Epinephrine in Pharmaceutical Formulations via Photochemically Enhanced Fluorescence

The study describes a simple and sensitive method for the sequential determination of hydrocortisone (HDC) and epinephrine (EP) in pharmaceutical formulations. The intrinsic fluorescence of epinephrine was measured before submitting the sample to a photochemical reaction to form a fluorescent product from HDC or HDC esters (succinate and acetate). The sample treatment eliminated the fluorescence from EP, thus minimizing spectral interference on the HDC fluorescence. Limits of detection (3S_b/m) were estimated to be 40ngmL^–1 for HDC or HDC salts and 0.2ngmL^–1 for EP. Recovery experiments, made with commercial and laboratory simulated formulations, gave values between 96 and 103% for both HDC and EP. This method can be easily automated, e.g. via flow-injection techniques.     

Structure elucidation of 11-amino-8-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2, 6).0(3, 10).0(5, 9)]undecane-8,11-lactam through selective acetylation and complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignment of the mono-, di- and triacetates

NMR techniques cannot unambiguously distinguish between 11-amino-8-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2, 6).0(3, 10).0(5, 9)]undecane-8,11-lactam and 8-amino-11-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2, 6).0(3, 10).0(5, 9)]undecane-8,11-lactam, both of which are possible products during the reaction of pentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2, 6).0(3, 10).0(5, 9)]undecane-8,11-dione with Strecker reagents. Treatment of 11-amino-8-hydroxy-pentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2, 6).0(3, 10).0(5, 9)]undecane-8,11-lactam with acetic anhydride at room temperature produced a monoacetate. With acetic anhydride containing sodium acetate, a triacetate was obtained at reflux temperature. Treatment with acetyl chloride and N,N-dimethylaniline produced a diacetate. High-field 1H and 13C NMR techniques were used in the structure elucidation and assignment of the different NMR resonances of these three acetylated compounds.     

Extraction of Fe(III), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) with thenoyltrifluoroacetone using the ternary solvent system water/ethanol/methylisobutylketone

Single-phase solutions (1.72 x 10(-2)M in TTA) of water/ethanol/MIBK, when added to an excess of water, break down into two immiscible liquid layers and TTA complexes of Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and PB(II) are extracted into the organic layer. Quantitative extractions were obtained for the five metals and separations of Fe(III) from a 1000-fold excess of Co(II), NI(II) or PB(II) are obtained. The reactions of the metal ions with TTA were studied in the single-phase solutions before the extraction step, giving useful information as to their complexation behavior.     

The synthesis of heterocyclic derivatives of dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene

The synthesis of 2-amino-7,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2]cyclohepta[3,4,5-de]quinazoline ( 10 ) and 6,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2]cyclohepta[3,4,5-cd]indazole ( 5 ) is described.