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101.
The macroscopic thermodynamic stability of a system of 108 diatomic molecules undergoing planar Couette flow far from equilibrium is reported. The system is perturbed from the steady state using a nondissipative variable colour field which induces a polarization in the system. It is found that the steady state for the system corresponds to an extremum in the generalized free energy and entropy production. However, while the free energy is always a minimum, the entropy production may be either a minimum or a maximum depending upon the direction of the colour field. These results, for a molecular system, are fundamentally different from those for an equivalent atomic system. 相似文献
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Nelson Torto Thomas Laurell Lo Gorton Gyrgy Marko Varga 《Journal of membrane science》1997,130(1-2):239-248
We report a study made on a 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) polysulfone membrane (SPS 4005) for use in microdialysis sampling of starch enzymatic hydrolysates on-line coupled to column liquid chromatography with integrated pulsed electrochemical detection. Membrane characteristics were evaluated by examining both the membrane and membrane support layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study was made so as to elucidate the mechanism or mode by which a membrane exposed to different bioprocess conditions is either fouled or destroyed. The correlation of extraction fraction data with SEM was a confirmatory test for the observed change in the membrane characteristics. Examinations were made after keeping the membrane in pure water for 5, 10 and 30 min at room temperature or after perfusing the membrane with pure water continuously at room temperature, 60 and 90°C for 24 h. Extraction fractions were evaluated at these temperatures to see applicability of the SPS 4005 membrane to high temperature bioprocesses. Scanning electron microscopy studies were also made on membranes used for sampling and sample clean-up during on-line monitoring of the hydrolysis of soluble starch (according to Zulkowsky) for 32 h, and the hydrolysis of wheat starch at room temperature, 60 and 90°C for 6 h. Non-specific/directed protein-membrane interactions were evaluated by sampling maltoheptaose with a microdialysis probe fitted with a 10 mm SPS 4005 membrane, before and after treatment with an enzyme solution of Termamyl (endo-1,4--
-glucan glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.78). 相似文献
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Irradiation of 1-hydroxyalkane solutions of pentafluoropyridine in the presence of benzo-phenone resulted in regiospecific substitution at position 4, thus forming 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(1-hydroxyalkyl)pyridine. 相似文献
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Zlatica Kozarac Boena Ćosović Marko Branica 《Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry》1976,68(1):75-83
The polarographic method of discontinuously changing potential, known as the Kalousek commutator technique, was applied to the estimation of surfactant activity of seawater samples from polluted area of a harbour. Adsorption isotherms of different detergents, lecithin and lauric acid at the HMDE have been used as calibration curves. The method is recommended for direct and rapid determination of the degree of seawater pollution by organic surface active substances. 相似文献
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