Synthesis of Glutamic Acid-based Cluster Galactosides and Their Binding Affinities with Liver Cells

Structurally well defined di-, tri- and tetra-valent cluster galactosides were synthesized in a convenient way.Oligo-glutamic acids were assembled as scaffolds. The presence of amine groups in these three ligands is expected to couple with drugs or genes for delivery. The binding affinities of these cluster galactoses to liver cells were determined by in vitro binding studies. Among them, the tetravalent cluster galactose (19) showed the highest affinity to liver cell. It is therefore a promising targeting device for the specific delivery of drugs or genes to parenchymal liver cells.     

分光光度法测定海洋生物体中的铜

本文提出采用浓HNO_3-H_2O_2在低温常压下消化海洋生物样品的新方法,其特点是使用试剂简单,操作方便,节省时间,方法可靠。还介绍使用正交设计法试验了影响测铜灵敏度的主要因素。认为测定样品时,选择pH8.0～8.5、隐蔽剂10ml、铜试剂5 ml为最佳条件。本法还分别作了方法验证,结果良好。     

C−N Bond Formation from a Masked High‐Valent Copper Complex Stabilized by Redox Non‐Innocent Ligands

The reactivity of a stable copper(II) complex bearing fully oxidized iminobenzoquinone redox ligands towards nucleophiles is described. In sharp contrast with its genuine low‐valent counterpart bearing reduced ligands, this complex performs high‐yielding C?N bond formations. Mechanistic studies suggest that this behavior could stem from a mechanism akin to reductive elimination occurring at the metal center but facilitated by the ligand: it is proposed that a masked high oxidation state of the metal can be stabilized as a lower copper(II) oxidation state by the redox ligands without forfeiting its ability to behave as a high‐valent copper(III) center. These observations are substantiated by a combination of advanced EPR spectroscopy techniques with DFT studies. This work sheds light on the potential of redox ligands as promoters of unusual reactivities at metal centers and illustrates the concept of masked high‐valent metallic species.     

Structure and composition of the nacre–prisms transition in the shell of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada margaritifera</Emphasis> (Mollusca,Bivalvia)

A microstructural, mineralogical, and chemical study of the nacre–prisms boundary in the shells of Pinctada margaritifera shows that this boundary is not an abrupt transition, but that there exists a distinct fibrous layer with clear topographic structures and evidence of growth lines. A three-step biomineralization process is proposed that involves changes in the chemical and biochemical composition of the last growth increments of the calcite prisms, formation of the fibrous layer, and development of regular tablets in the nacreous layer.     

Identification of free radicals induced by UV irradiation in collagen water solutions

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method has shown that hydrogen atoms and acetic acid free radicals appear in surrounding acetic acid-water solution of collagen under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. These free radicals interact with the collagen molecule; consequently, seven superfine components of EPR spectrum with the split of aH = 11.3G and g-factor 2.001 appear. It is assumed that this spectrum is related to the free radical occurred on the proline residue in collagen molecule. In order to discover .OH hydroxyl radicals even in minor concentration, spin trap 5.5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) has been applied. During the irradiation of collagen water solution in the presence of spin trap, EPR spectrum of the DMPO/.OH adduct has not been identified, while the above mentioned spectrum has been observed once the hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and FeSO4 were added to the sample. That means that water photolysis does not take place in collagen water-solution due to UV irradiation. It was suggested that occurrence of hydrogen radical is connected with the electron transmission to the hydrogen ion. The possible source of free electrons can be aromatic residues, photo ionization of which takes place in collagen molecule due to UV irradiation.     

Vertical distribution characteristics of PM in the surface layer of Guangzhou

Measurements of particulate matter(PM),i.e.,PM10,PM2.5,and PMl,have been performed on the Canton Tower,a landmark building in Guangzhou,at heights of 121 and 454 m since November 2010,using a GRIMM 180 aerosol particle spectrometer(Germany).Analyses of data from November 2010 to May2013 showed that the annual average values of PM10,PM2.5,and PMl at the observation height of 121 m above the ground were 44.1,38.2,and 34.9μg/m3,respectively,and those at 454 m above the ground were 35.7,30.4,and 27.5 μg/m3,respectively.By considering the values of the secondary concentration limits given in the Ambient Air Quality Standards issued in 2012,it was observed that the annual average values of PM10 at the observation heights of 121 and 454 m,as well as those of PM2.5 at 454 m,reached those standards.Furthermore,the over-standard amplitude of the annual average value of PM2.5 at the observation height of 121 m was 9.1%.During the observation period,the maximum daily average values of PM10,PM2.5,and PM1 at the observation height of 121 m were 183.3,144.8,and 123.8 μg/m~3,respectively,and those at 454 m were 102.8,92.7,and 86.4 μg/m3.The daily average values of PM 10 at the observation height of 454 m were not above the standards.The over-standard frequencies of the daily average values of PM10 and PM2.5 at the observation height of 121 m were 0.6%and 10.7%,respectively,and the over-standard amplitudes were 9.0%and 24.4%,respectively.The over-standard frequency of the daily average value of PM2.5 at the observation height of 454 m was 2.0%,and the over-standard amplitude was 10.4%.Accordingly,it can be stated that the air at the observation height 454 m above the ground did not reach the secondary limit of the new standards.The pollution was most serious during winter,and the air was relatively cleaner during summer.Overall,the vertical distributions of PM 10,PM2.5,and PMl decreased with height.The lapse rates showed the following sequence:PM10 > PM2.5 > PM1,which indicates that the vertical distribution of fine particles is more uniform than that of coarse particles;the vertical distribution in summer is more uniform than in other seasons.     

1H and 13C NMR assignments of bioactive indeno[1,2‐b]indole‐10‐one derivatives

The complete ¹H and ¹³C assignments of eight bioactive indeno[1,2‐b]indole‐10‐one derivatives were accomplished by the combined use of one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional NMR experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of material amorphicity in laser-induced phase transition

The crystallization patterns induced by nano- and picosecond laser pulses within an amorphous matrix, with various degrees of relaxation, present morphological instabilities. We show by TEM observations that the final crystalline structures of the relaxed amorphous state, after nanosecond laser excitation, and the “as-deposited” amorphous state after picosecond excitation, present similar morphology. Structurally, metastable crystalline states have been formed under laser irradiation. A probable process for these instabilities is related to competition between the light-induced electronic excitation and thermal processes during the nucleation stage.     

Sequential functionalization of janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s with camptothecin and folic acid

Janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation carrying terminal hydroxyl functions on one side and cleavable ketal groups on the other were used as substrates to conjugate folic acid as a folate receptor and camptothecin (CPT) as a therapeutic drug in a sequential fashion. The conjugation of both FA and CPT was accomplished by “click chemistry” based on the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition coupling reaction. First, the hydroxyl functions present at one face of Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs were transformed into alkyne groups through a simple Williamson‐type etherification reaction. Next, the ketals carried by the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs were hydrolyzed, yielding twice as many hydroxyls which were subsequently subjected to an esterification reaction using 2‐bromopropionic bromide. Before substituting azides for the bromide of 2‐bromopropionate esters just generated in the presence of NaN₃, an azido‐containing amidified FA derivative was reacted through click chemistry with alkyne functions introduced on the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs. A purposely designed alkyne‐functionalized biomolecule derived from CPT was conjugated to the azido functions carried by the dendritic PEOs by a second “click reaction.” In this case, twice as many CPT as FA moieties were finally conjugated to the two faces of the Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs, the numbers of folate and CPT introduced being 2 and 4, 4 and 8, and 8 and 16 for samples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation, respectively (route A). An alternate route for functionalizing the dendrimer‐like PEO of 1st generation consisted, first, in conjugating the azido‐containing CPT onto the alkyne groups present on one face of the dendritic PEO scaffold. The alkyne‐functionalized FA was further introduced by click chemistry after the bromides of 2‐bromopropionate esters were chemically transformed into azido groups. The corresponding prodrug thus contains 2 CPT and 4 FA external moieties (route B). Every reaction step product was thoroughly characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A preliminary investigation into the water solution properties of these functionalized dendritic PEOs is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011