Synthesen von Moniliformin,einem Mycotoxin mit Cyclobutendion-Struktur

Syntheses of Moniliformin, a Mycotoxine with a Cyclobutenedione Structure Six different routes to 3-hydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1, 2-dione ( 4 ), the free acid of the mycotoxine Moniliformin (=alkali salt of 4 ) are described. A common feature of all pathways is the synthesis of cyclobutanes having the oxidation level 6. Moniliformin precursors which are easily transformed to 4 by acid catalysed hydrolysis include [2+2]-cycloadducts of ketene with tetraalkoxy-olefins, 3,4,4-trialkoxycyclobutenes, derivatives of polyfluorinated cyclobutenes, the brominated [2+2]-cycloadduct of ethyl vinyl ether and dichloroketene, tetrabromocyclobutanone, [2+2]-photocycloadducts of dichlorovinylenecarbonate with dichloroethylenes, and the dimer of chloroketene. The most convenient synthesis via the [2+2]-cycloadduct of tetraethoxyethylene and ketene ( 14b ) is reported in detail and produces 4 in four simple steps in 57% overall yield. In addition, two new syntheses of squaric acid ( 56 ) are described.     

Intermediates in the Dehydrogenation of Hydroaromatic Compounds with Quinones

Dehydrogenation of hydroaromatic compounds with quinones was reinvestigated in the light of recent criticism of the reaction mechanism. Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence shows that disappearance of substrate proceeds at the same rate as the product-forming step. A mechanism consisting in fast formation followed by slow decomposition of an intermediate can be ruled out. The order of reactivities of 1,4-cyclohexadiene ( 1 ), 1,4-dihydronaphthalene ( 8 ) and 9,10-dihydroanthracene ( 11 ) changes in going from benzoquinone to chloranil or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. It is suggested that this behaviour could be due to contribution of CT-complexes or HOMO-LUMO interactions for determining the reactivity of the substrates.     

Application of a chemical equilibrium model to thermodynamic functions of transfer of alcohols from water to aqueous surfactants

In ternary aqueous solutions, hydrophobic solutes such as alcohols tend to aggregate with surfactants to form mixed micelles. These systems can be studied by meas of the functions of transfer of hydrophobic solutes from water to aqueous solutions of surfactant. These thermodynamic functions often go through extrema in the critical micellar concentration (CMC) region of the surfactant. A simple model based on interactions between surfactant and hydrophobic solute monomers, on the distribution of the hydrophobic solute between water and the micelles and on the shift in the CMC induced by the hydrophobic solute, can simulate the magnitude and trends of the transfer functions using parameters which are mostly derived from the binary systems. In order to check the model more quantitatively, volumes and heat capacities of transfer of alcohols from water to aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant, octyldimethylamine oxide, were measured. A quantitative agreement was achieved with three adjustable parameters. Good fits are also obtained for the transfers to the ionic surfactants, octylamine hydrobromide and sodium dodecylsulfate. When the equilibrium displacement contribution is small, the distribution constants and the partial molar properties of the alcohols in the micellar phase agree well with the parameters obtained with similar models.     

Flow constant-current stripping analysis for antimony(III) and antimony(V) with gold fibre working electrodes : Application to Natural Waters

Antimony(III) is determined by means of electrolysis at ?0.40 V vs. Ag/AgCl on a gold-coated gold fibre electrode for 0.5–10 min in a redox buffer containing 0.01 M iron(II) in 0.10 M hydrochloric acid, and subsequent stripping with a constant current of 0.50μA either in 2 M hydrochloric acid or in 4 M hydrochloric acid/4 M calcium chloride. Antimony(V) is determined by the same procedure in 4 M hydrochloric acid medium. Bismuth(III) is masked by the addition of iodide to the sample prior to electrolysis. Antimony(III) and antimony(V) are determined by standard addition methods; the whole procedure including digital and graphical evaluation of the results is fully automated. The antimony(V) concentrations in the river water reference sample SLRS-1 and the seawater reference sample NASS-1 were found to be 0.63 and 0.31 μg l^?1 with standard deviations of 0.046 and 0.051 μg l^?1, respectively (n=15). The certified value for SLRS- 1 is 0.63±0.05 μg l^?1; no certified value is available for NASS-1.     

Activation energy of single-stranded DNA moving through cross-linked polyacrylamide gels at 300 V/cm effect of temperature on sequencing rate in high-electric-field capillary gel electrophoresis

In DNA sequencing, single-stranded DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis. This separation is based on a sieving mechanism where DNA fragments are retarded as they pass through pores in the gel. In this paper, we present the mobility of DNA sequencing fragments as a function of temperature; mobility is determined in 4% T LongRanger gels at an electric field of 300 V/cm. The temperature dependence is compared with the predictions of the biased reptation model. The model predicts that the fragment length for the onset of biased reptation with stretching increases with the square of temperature; the data show that the onset of biased reptation with stretching decreases with temperature. Biased reptation fails to model accurately the temperature dependence of mobility. We analyzed the data and extracted the activation energy for passage of sequencing fragments through the gel. For fragments containing less than ca. 200 bases, the activation energy increases linearly with the number of bases at a rate of 25 J/mol per base; for longer fragments, the activation energy increases at a rate of 6.5 J/mol per base. This transition in the activation energy presumably reflects a change in conformation of the DNA fragments; small fragments exist in a random coil configuration and larger fragments migrate in an elongated configuration.     

Highly selective olefin epoxidation with aqueous H2O2 over surface-modified TaSBA15 prepared via the TMP method

Trialkylsiloxy-modified Ta(v) centers on mesoporous silica exhibit excellent selectivity for epoxide formation (>98% after 2 h) in the oxidation of cyclohexene using aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant; the modified catalysts exhibit an increased lifetime, retaining high selectivity after 6 h of reaction (>95% epoxide).     

Synthesis and characterisation of PC(sp3)P phosphine and phosphinite platinum(II) complexes. Cyclometallation and simple coordination

New and improved preparative routes to the previously known PCP ligands cis-1,3-bis(di-isopropylphosphinito)cyclohexane and cis-1,3-bis[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]cyclohexane are reported. They react with 1 equivalent of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(II) [(COD)PtCl2] to give the cis coordinated complex cis-[PtCl2{cis-1,3-bis(di-isopropylphosphinito)}cyclohexane] and the C(sp3)-H activated complex trans-[PtCl{cis-1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)}cyclohexane]. The new PCP ligand cis-1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinito)cyclohexane was synthesised and reacts with [(COD)PtCl2] giving the di-nuclear trans-[PtCl2{cis-1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinito)cyclohexane}]2, which is highly insoluble. All metal complexes were characterised with X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations indicate that the inability of the phosphinite ligands to cyclometallate is due to a kinetic barrier, possibly involving an axial-equatorial conformational change necessary for the C-H activation process.     

Nanoporous magnets of chiral and racemic [{Mn(HL)}2Mn{Mo(CN)7}2] with switchable ordering temperatures (TC = 85 K <--> 106 K) driven by H2O sorption (L = N,N-dimethylalaninol)

Molecule-based solids represent a rare opportunity to combine, adjust, and interrelate structural and physical functionalities to develop multifunctional materials. Here we report on a series of porous supramolecular magnets whose magnetic properties are related to their sorption state. A family of magnets of the formula [{Mn(HL)(H2O)}2Mn{Mo(CN)7}2].2H2O have been obtained by assembling the heptacyano-metalate building unit {Mo(CN)7}4- with Mn(II) in the presence of protonated N,N-dimethylalaninol (L) as ligand, the latter being either as a racemic mixture or as a chiral R- or S-enantiomer. The resulting magnets possess an open framework structure and exhibit a TC with a switching behavior (TC = 85 K <--> 106 K) as a function of the hydration state. Moreover, chiral magnets are formed with the optically active ligands. The H2O and gas (N2, CO2, CO) sorption features, the magnetic behavior of both the hydrated and dehydrated magnets, and the crystal structures of the hydrated chiral (S) and racemic magnets are described.     

Analyses of macrolide antibiotic residues in eggs, raw milk, and honey using both ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Two liquid chromatography mass spectrometric techniques, i.e. ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-Tof MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), were used for quantification, confirmation or identification of six macrolide antibiotic residues and/or their degradation products in eggs, raw milk, and/or honey. Macrolides were extracted from food samples by acetonitrile or phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.0), and sample extracts were further cleaned up using solid-phase extraction cartridges. UPLC/Q-Tof data were acquired in Tof MS full scan mode that allowed both quantification and confirmation of macrolides, and identification of their degradation products. LC/MS/MS data acquisition was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), i.e. two transitions, to provide a high degree of sensitivity and repeatability. Matrix-matched standard calibration curves with the use of roxithromycin as an internal standard were utilized to achieve the best accuracy of the method. Both techniques demonstrated good quantitative performance in terms of accuracy and repeatability. LC/MS/MS had advantages over UPLC/Q-Tof MS in that its limits of detection were lower and repeatability was somewhat better. UPLC/Q-Tof provided ultimate and unequivocal confirmation of positive findings, and allowed degradation product identification based on accurate mass. The combination of the two techniques can be very beneficial or complementary in routine analysis of macrolide antibiotic residues and their degradation products in food matrices to ensure the safety of food supply.