The synthesis of d-C-mannopyranosides

This article reviews the different methods and highlights the general trends that have been developed to selectively obtain α- or β-d-C-mannopyranosides.     

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering for Mixed Entangled Coherent States

By using the Born Markovian master equation, we study the relationship among the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering, Bell nonlocality, and quantum entanglement of entangled coherent states (ECSs) under decoherence. We illustrate the dynamical behavior of the three types of correlations for various optical field strength regimes. In general, we find that correlation measurements begin at their maximum and decline over time. We find that quantum steering and nonlocality behave similarly in terms of photon number during dynamics. Furthermore, we discover that ECSs with steerability can violate the Bell inequality, and that not every ECS with Bell nonlocality is steerable. In the current work, without the memory stored in the environment, some of the initial states with maximal values of quantum steering, Bell nonlocality, and entanglement can provide a delayed loss of that value during temporal evolution, which is of interest to the current study.     

Nonclassical problem with integral boundary conditions for elliptic system

In the present paper, a mixed nonclassical problem for multidimensional second-order elliptic system with Dirichlet and nonlocal integral boundary conditions is considered. Since Lax-Milgram theorem cannot be applied straightforwardly for such a nonlocal problem, we consider the problem in the spaces of vector-valued distributions with respect to one space variable with values in the spaces of functions with respect to the other space variables. We introduce special multipliers and applying them we obtain suitable new a priori estimates, and under minimal conditions on the coefficients of the elliptic operator we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution in appropriate spaces of vector-valued distributions with values in Sobolev spaces.     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Erodium arborescens Aerial Part Extracts and Characterization by LC-HESI-MS2 of Its Acetone Extract

The phytochemical analysis of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Erodium arborescens aerial part extracts constitute the focus of this research. The chemical composition of an acetone extract was investigated using LC-HESI-MS², which revealed the presence of 70 compounds. The major identified components were tannin derivatives. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were assessed in plant extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol). The results showed that the acetone extract exhibited the highest contents of polyphenols and flavonoids, 895.54 and 36.39 mg QE/g DE, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to other extracts, Erodium arborescens acetone extract was endowed with the highest antioxidant activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) tests. In addition, the four extracts of Erodium arborescens showed variable degrees of antimicrobial activity against the tested strains, and the interesting activity was obtained with acetone and methanol extracts.     

Contribution of Aldehydes and Their Derivatives to Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities

Essential oils (EOs) are intricate combinations of evaporative compounds produced by aromatic plants and extracted by distillation or expression. EOs are natural secondary metabolites derived from plants and have been found to be useful in food and nutraceutical manufacturing, perfumery and cosmetics; they have also been found to alleviate the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in addition to functioning as antibacterial and antifungal agents, balancing menstrual cycles and being efficacious as an immune system booster. Several main aldehyde constituents can be found in different types of EOs, and thus, aldehydes and their derivatives will be the main focus of this study with regard to their antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This brief study also explores the activity of aldehydes and their derivatives against pathogenic bacteria for future use in the clinical setting.     

Correlations for describing gas-to-ionic liquid partitioning at 323 K based on ion-specific equation coefficient and group contribution versions of the Abraham model

Chromatographic retention measurements were measured for a wide range of solutes on 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, ([MEIm]⁺[FAP]⁻), and 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, ([1-PrOHPy]⁺[FAP]⁻), stationary phases at 323 K. The measured retention factors were combined with published infinite dilution activity coefficient, gas solubility data and retention factor data to yield gas-to-anhydrous ionic liquid (IL) partition coefficients at 323 K for 2349 different solute-IL combinations. The compiled partition coefficient data were analyzed using the ion-specific equation coefficient and the functional group contribution versions of the Abraham solvation parameter model. Ion-specific equation coefficients were calculated for 25 cations and 14 anions. In addition, values were calculated for 14 cation functional groups and 14 anions. The calculated ion-specific equation coefficients and calculated functional group values described the experimental 323 K partition coefficient data to within standard deviations of 0.10 and 0.13 log units, respectively.     

Tuning the hydrophilicity of gold nanoparticles templated in star block copolymers

We report on a simple procedure to tune the hydrophilicity of hybrid gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles have been prepared in the core of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) five-arm star block copolymer. A hydrophilic corona was then added to these hybrid gold nanoparticles by direct chemisorption of trithiocarbonate-containing poly(acrylic acid) chains. These polymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerization with a trithiocarbonate as the chain-transfer agent. The efficiency of the grafting was evidenced by TEM, AFM, and DLS and by the successful transfer of these nanoparticles from organic solvent to water.