Die Wirkung des reinen und des elektrolythaltigen destillierten Wassers auf Metalle

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Crucigasterins A-E, antimicrobial amino alcohols from the Mediterranean colonial ascidian Pseudodistoma crucigaster

Five new unsaturated 2-amino-3-alcohols, crucigasterins A-E (2-6), were isolated together with known related compound 7 from the Mediterranean ascidian Pseudodistoma crucigaster and characterised as diacetyl derivatives (2a-6a) by spectroscopic methods. The threo-relative configuration of the amino alcohol portion was inferred by NOE analysis of the oxazolidinone derivative of crucigasterin A (2) as well as by ¹³C NMR comparison with synthetic threo and erythro model compounds. The co-occurring metabolites were assumed to have the same relative configuration as 2 by comparison of the diagnostic carbon value of C-1. The absolute stereochemistry of compound 7 that had not been previously reported was determined by applying the modified Mosher’s method on the corresponding N-acetyl derivative. The same absolute configuration was suggested for the other co-occurring crucigasterins by biogenetic considerations. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected crucigasterins were also evaluated.     

A combination of water and microwave irradiation promotes the catalyst-free addition of pyrroles and indoles to nitroalkenes

A combination of water and microwave irradiation was used for the first time to perform a catalyst-free nitro-Michael addition of pyrroles and indoles. Under superheated conditions, the water trends to ionize by changing its chemical and physical properties. Therefore, we performed a new green-protocol using the water either as environmentally no harm solvent or as catalyst. The reaction success is independent from the kind of pyrrole, indole or nitroalkenes rapidly affording the corresponding adducts and giving excellent yields.     

Archimedean ideals of valuation domains

Let R be a valuation domain. We prove that the only archimedean ideals of R are the principal ones or those isomorphic to P and only if the value group of R is complete.     

Genotoxic potential of TiO2 on bottlenose dolphin leukocytes

Titanium dioxide is extensively used in a variety of products, including industrial materials and cosmetics. Studies mainly performed on human cell lines and in vivo exposure on experimental animals have raised concern about the toxic effects of ultrafine titanium dioxide; however, scarce information is available about its impact on aquatic life. The aim of this article was to assess the genotoxic potential of TiO₂ (anatase and rutile) on bottlenose dolphin leukocytes. Blood samples were obtained from four male and one female specimens reared at the Adriatic SeaWorld “Oltremare” (Riccione, Italy). Leukocytes were isolated by the lyses procedure and in vitro exposed to TiO₂ in RPMI. Experimental solutions were sonicated immediately before dosing the cells. Three exposure times (4, 24 and 48 h) and three doses (20, 50 and 100 μg/ml) were tested. Genotoxicity was detected by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (or comet assay) at pH ≥ 13, assessing single/double-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. Cytotoxicity was also detected by the Trypan blue exclusion method. Results showed that both the crystalline forms of TiO₂ were genotoxic for bottlenose dolphin leukocytes, with a statistically significant increase of DNA fragmentation after exposure to 50 and 100 μg/ml for 24 and 48 h. Although preliminary, these are the first data regarding the genetic susceptibility of toothed cetaceans toward an “emerging” pollutant, such as TiO₂ particles.