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101.
Nathan C. Crawford Benjamin Yohe S. Kim R. Williams David Boldridge Matthew W. Liberatore 《Rheologica Acta》2013,52(5):499-513
Chemical mechanical polishing is a fundamental technology used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to polish and planarize a wide range of materials for the fabrication of microelectronic devices. During the high-shear (~1,000,000 s?1) polishing process, it is hypothesized that individual slurry particles are driven together to form large agglomerates (≥0.5 µm). These agglomerates are believed to trigger a shear-induced thickening effect and cause defects during polishing. We examined how the addition of various monovalent salts (CsCl, KCl, LiCl, and NaCl) and electrostatic stabilizing bases (KOH, NaOH, or CsOH) influenced the slurry’s thickening behavior. Overall, as the added salt concentration was increased from 0.02 to 0.15 M, the shear rate at which the slurry thickened (i.e., the critical shear rate) decreased. Slurries with added CsCl, NaCl, and LiCl thickened at comparable shear rates (~20,000–70,000 s?1) and, in general, followed ion hydration theory (poorly hydrated ions caused the slurry to thicken at lower shear rates). However, slurries with added KCl portrayed thickening behavior at higher critical shear rates (~35,000–100,000 s?1) than other chloride salts. Also, slurries stabilized with CsOH thickened at higher shear rates (~90,000–140,000 s?1), regardless of the added salt cation or concentration, than the slurries with KOH or NaOH. The NaOH-stabilized slurries displayed thickening at the lowest shear rates (~20,000 s?1). The thickening dependence on slurry base cation indicates the existence of additional close-range structure forces that are not predicted by the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek colloidal stability theory. 相似文献
102.
D. Verney L. Cabaret J. E. Crawford H. T. Duong B. Fricke J. Genevey G. Huber F. Ibrahim M. Krieg F. Le Blanc J. K. P. Lee G. Le Scornet D. Lunney J. Obert J. Oms J. Pinard J. C. Puteaux K. Rashid B. Roussière J. Sauvage V. Sebastian 《The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei》2006,30(3):489-518
Laser spectroscopy measurements have been performed on neutron-deficient and stable Ir isotopes using the COMPLIS experimental
setup installed at ISOLDE-CERN. The radioactive Ir atoms were obtained from successive decays of a mass-separated Hg beam
deposited onto a carbon substrate after deceleration to 1kV and subsequently laser desorbed. A three-color, two-step resonant
scheme was used to selectively ionize the desorbed Ir atoms. The hyperfine structure (HFS) and isotope shift (IS) of the first
transition of the ionization path 5d
76s
24
F
9/2 → 5d
76s6p
6
F
11/2 at 351.5nm were measured for 182-189Ir, 186Ir
m
and the stable 191, 193Ir. The nuclear magnetic moments μI and the spectroscopic quadrupole moments Qs were obtained from the HFS spectra and the change of the mean square charge radii from the IS measurements. The sign of μI was experimentally determined for the first time for the masses 182≤A≤189 and the isomeric state 186Ir
m
. The spectroscopic quadrupole moments of 182Ir and 183Ir were measured also for the first time. A large mean square charge radius change between 187Ir and 186Ir
g
and between 186Ir
m
and 186Ir
g
was observed corresponding to a sudden increase in deformation: from β2 ≃ + 0.16 for the heavier group A = 193, 191, 189, 187 and 186m to β2≥ + 0.2 for the lighter group A = 186g, 185, 184, 183 and 182. These results were analyzed in the framework of a microscopic treatment of an axial rotor plus one
or two quasiparticle(s). This sudden deformation change is associated with a change in the proton state that describes the
odd-nuclei ground state or that participates in the coupling with the neutron in the odd-odd nuclei. This state is identified
with the π3/2+[402] orbital for the heavier group and with the π1/2-[541] orbital stemming from the 1h
9/2 spherical subshell for the lighter group. That last state seems to affect strongly the observed values of the nuclear moments. 相似文献
103.
A. Weck T.H.R. Crawford A. Borowiec D.S. Wilkinson J.S. Preston 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2007,86(1):55-61
The ductile fracture process consists of the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids in a material. Predictive models of ductility require a complete understanding of the coalescence event. However, coalescence occurs over very small strains and is therefore difficult to observe experimentally. We have addressed this by developing a new class of model material. It consists of femtosecond laser drilled holes and diffusion bonded metallic sheets, which can be mechanically tested in situ either by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or by X-raycomputed tomography (XRCT). The fabrication steps are presented and the model material is characterized by optical and electron microscopy, nanoindentation and tomography. The heat affected zone around the laser holes is found to be harder than the unaffected material and consists of nano-scale grains. Finally we show that the coalescence event is well captured using both SEM and XRCT. The fabrication method is adaptable to a wide range of materials and enables one to produce 2D and 3D arrays of holes or cracks with controlled size, volume fraction and distribution. PACS 62.20.Mk; 62.25.+g; 79.20.Ds 相似文献
104.
105.
Ammar R Baringer P Coppage D Davis R Haas P Kelly M Kwak N Lam H Ro S Kubota Y Nelson JK Perticone D Poling R Schrenk S Crawford G Fulton R Jensen T Johnson D Kagan H Kass R Malchow R Morrow F Whitmore J Wilson P Bortoletto D Brown DN Dominick J McIlwain RL Miller DH Modesitt M Ng CR Schaffner SF Shibata EI Shipsey IP Battle M Kroha H Sparks K Thorndike EH Wang C Alam MS Kim IJ Li WC Nemati B Romero V Sun CR Wang P Zoeller MM Goldberg M Haupt T Horwitz N Jain V Kennett R Mestayer MD Moneti GC 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1991,44(11):3383-3393
106.
Crawford G Fulton R Gan KK Jensen T Johnson DR Kagan H Kass R Malchow R Morrow F Whitmore J Wilson P Bortoletto D Brown D Dominick J McIlwain RL Miller DH Modesitt M Ng CR Schaffner SF Shibata EI Shipsey IP Battle M Kim P Kroha H Sparks K Thorndike EH Wang C Alam MS Kim IJ Nemati B Romero V Sun CR Wang P Zoeller MM Goldberg M Haupt T Horwitz N Jain V Kennett R Mestayer MD Moneti GC Rozen Y Rubin P Skwarnicki T Stone S Thusalidas M Yao W Zhu G Barnes AV Bartelt J Csorna SE Letson T Alexander J 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1991,44(11):3394-3401
107.
108.
109.
Ammar R Baringer P Coppage D Davis R Kelly M Kwak N Lam H Ro S Kubota Y Lattery M Nelson JK Perticone D Poling R Schrenk S Wang R Alam MS Kim IJ Nemati B Romero V Sun CR Wang P Zoeller MM Crawford G Fulton R Gan KK Kagan H Kass R Lee J Malchow R Morrow F Sung MK Whitmore J Wilson P Butler F Fu X Kalbfleisch G Lambrecht M Skubic P Snow J Bortoletto D Brown DN Dominick J McIlwain RL Miller DH Modesitt M Shibata EI Schaffner SF Shipsey IP Battle M Ernst J Kroha H Roberts S Sparks K Thorndike EH 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1992,45(11):3976-3985
110.