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To bridge the gap between laboratory-scale studies and commercial applications, mass production of high quality graphene is essential. A scalable exfoliation strategy towards the production of graphene sheets is presented that has excellent yield (ca. 75 %, 1–3 layers), low defect density (a C/O ratio of 21.2), great solution-processability, and outstanding electronic properties (a hole mobility of 430 cm2 V−1 s−1). By applying alternating currents, dual exfoliation at both graphite electrodes enables a high production rate exceeding 20 g h−1 in laboratory tests. As a cathode material for lithium storage, graphene-wrapped LiFePO4 particles deliver a high capacity of 167 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate after 500 cycles.  相似文献   
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Thermodynamic integration (TI) for computing marginal likelihoods is based on an inverse annealing path from the prior to the posterior distribution. In many cases, the resulting estimator suffers from high variability, which particularly stems from the prior regime. When comparing complex models with differences in a comparatively small number of parameters, intrinsic errors from sampling fluctuations may outweigh the differences in the log marginal likelihood estimates. In the present article, we propose a TI scheme that directly targets the log Bayes factor. The method is based on a modified annealing path between the posterior distributions of the two models compared, which systematically avoids the high variance prior regime. We combine this scheme with the concept of non-equilibrium TI to minimise discretisation errors from numerical integration. Results obtained on Bayesian regression models applied to standard benchmark data, and a complex hierarchical model applied to biopathway inference, demonstrate a significant reduction in estimator variance over state-of-the-art TI methods.  相似文献   
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Maria Altamura  Marco Ricci 《合成通讯》2013,43(16-17):2129-2133
KHSO5 oxidizes the ketone I to the corresponding benzoate II in satisfactory yield, under very mild conditions. No oxidation of the alcoholic group was detected.  相似文献   
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Vigliano  Marco  Bianchera  Annalisa  Bettini  Ruggero  Elviri  Lisa 《Chromatographia》2013,76(23):1761-1766

Two simple and fast C18 and HILIC liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry methods for the determination of hyaluronic acid (HA) in a mucoadhesive chitosan-based formulation were developed and validated. The performances of both methods were compared in terms of validation parameters and matrix effect. A simple sample preparation method based on sulphuric acid-based degradation was optimized for the detection of HA fragments (i.e. m/z 380 2-mer, m/z 759 4-mer, m/z 1,138 8-mer and m/z 1,518 16-mer). By operating under selected ion-monitoring mode, excellent selectivity towards chitosan fragments was obtained. For validation, good linearity, detection limits (<4 μg mL−1) and precision (RSD % < 16 %) were generally obtained on matrix with both columns. However, HILIC column exhibited improved performances in terms of HA fragment separation and selectivity. By analyzing on the C18 column the chitosan-based formulation and sample extracts from pig mucosa treated with the formulation, matrix effects exhibited a dependence of signal suppression degree (ranging from 37 to 83 %) as a function of the HA fragment dimension. The HILIC column afforded instead a significantly reduced suppression degree (ranging from 1 to 16 %) and a better separation. These findings demonstrated the improved performances of the HILIC column with respect to conventional C18 mechanism for the analysis of HA fragments in complex matrices.

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