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931.
Pure states in quantum field theory can be represented by many-fingered block-time wave functions, which treat time on an equal footing with space and make the notions of “time evolution” and “state at a given time” fundamentally irrelevant. Instead of information destruction resulting from an attempt to use a “state at a given time” to describe semi-classical black-hole evaporation, the full many-fingered block-time wave function of the universe conserves information by describing the correlations of outgoing Hawking particles in the future with ingoing Hawking particles in the past. 相似文献
932.
Jan Remsa Miroslav Jelinek Tomáš Kocourek Ji?í Oswald Marian ?erňanský Michal Jelínek 《Applied Surface Science》2009,255(10):5292-5294
High quality, thick, highly oriented crystalline thin films of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Y3Al5O12) and Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAlO3) doped with Erbium were prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Samples were created in vacuum or oxygen environment. Depositions were arranged at room temperature, or at high substrate temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 °C. Amorphous layers were annealed by laser, or in oven (argon flow, temperatures in range from 1200 to 1400 °C). Fused silica and sapphire (0 0 0 1) were used as substrates. Properties of films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and by photoluminescence measurement. Size of crystalline grains was in the range 116-773 nm. Thickness of layers was up to 17 μm. 相似文献
933.
Non-uniform distribution of moisture contents inside of the porous materials during drying results in compressional stresses inside of the material and tensional ones close to the surface. The tensional stresses together with brittleness of dry material are the reasons of fracturing of the material. The proposed model consists of two parts. The mass transfer is described by simple diffusion equation. The mechanical behaviour of the material is modelled with the network model in which the material is modelled as the set of small particles interconnected elastically via springs. The spring constants and strengths depend on Young modulus and the material tensional strength. The dependences of these material parameters on the moisture content are determined. Then two 2D initial-boundary problems are solved. The results show possible way of cracks initiation and generation by drying. 相似文献
934.
D.?A.?Zimnyakov A.?V.?Sadovoi M.?A.?Vilenskii P.?V.?Zakharov R.?Myllyl? 《Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics》2009,108(2):311-325
Image sequences of the surface of disordered layers of porous medium (paper) obtained under noncoherent and coherent illumination during capillary rise of a liquid are analyzed. As a result, principles that govern the critical behavior of the interface between liquid and gaseous phases during its pinning are established. By a cumulant analysis of speckle-modulated images of the surface and by the statistical analysis of binarized difference images of the surface under noncoherent illumination, it is shown that the macroscopic dynamics of the interface at the stage of pinning is mainly controlled by the power law dependence of the appearance rate of local instabilities (avalanches) of the interface on the critical parameter, whereas the growth dynamics of the local instabilities is controlled by the diffusion of a liquid in a layer and weakly depends on the critical parameter. A phenomenological model is proposed for the macroscopic dynamics of the phase interface for interpreting experimental data. The values of critical indices are determined that characterize the samples under test within this model. These values are compared with the results of numerical simulation for discrete models of directed percolation corresponding to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. 相似文献
935.
C. Schmidt A. Chipouline T. K?sebier E.-B. Kley A. Tünnermann T. Pertsch 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2011,104(3):503-511
We present here, our most recent results from theoretical and experimental investigations of optical properties of coupled
microresonators. While fused silica spherical microresonators with Q-factors of about 107 to 108 can be quite easily fabricated, the production of a number of equally sized spheres, which appears to be a necessary condition
for effective light coupling, has proved challenging. In order to bypass this problem we focus our attention on the investigation
of coupled disk microresonators made of fused silica. These may be fabricated in almost arbitrary two-dimensional configuration
with nanometer precision. A Q-factor of 105 can be routinely achieved, which relaxes the requirements on uniformity of the microdisks to within the range of fabrication
accuracy. The achieved Q-factors are high enough to observe thermal nonlinear effects in the fabricated coupled disks. A detailed
experimental analysis of the thermal nonlinear resonance behavior in a system of two coupled microdisks now follows. The results
were found to be in good agreement with the respective calculations based on coupled mode theory including temperature induced
nonlinear response. 相似文献
936.
We propose to search for neutron halo isomers populated via γ-capture in stable nuclei with mass numbers of about A=140–180 or A=40–60, where the 4s
1/2 or 3s
1/2 neutron shell model state reaches zero binding energy. These halo nuclei can be produced for the first time with new γ-beams of high intensity and small band width (≤0.1%) achievable via Compton back-scattering off brilliant electron beams,
thus offering a promising perspective to selectively populate these isomers with small separation energies of 1 eV to a few keV.
Similar to single-neutron halo states for very light, extremely neutron-rich, radioactive nuclei (Hansen et al. in Annu. Rev.
Nucl. Part. Sci. 45:591–634, 1995; Tanihata in J. Phys. G., Nucl. Part. Phys. 22:158–198, 1996; Aumann et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett. 84:35, 2000), the low neutron separation energy and short-range nuclear force allow the neutron to tunnel far out into free space much
beyond the nuclear core radius. This results in prolonged half-lives of the isomers for the γ-decay back to the ground state in the 100 ps-μs range. Similar to the treatment of photodisintegration of the deuteron, the
neutron release from the neutron halo isomer via a second, low-energy, intense photon beam has a known much larger cross section
with a typical energy threshold behavior. In the second step, the neutrons can be released as a low-energy, pulsed, polarized
neutron beam of high intensity and high brilliance, possibly being much superior to presently existing beams from reactors
or spallation neutron sources. 相似文献
937.
Laser cleaning of copper roofing sheets subjected to long-lasting environmental corrosion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Garbacz E. Fortuna J. Marczak M. Strzelec A. Rycyk A. Koss J. Mróz A. Zatorska K. J. Kurzyd?owski 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2010,100(3):693-701
The study was concerned with the effect of the laser fluence and pulse duration on the microstructure of copper roofing of
the Wilanów Palace in Warsaw (Poland) subjected to environmental degradation since the turn 19th century. The techniques used
for the microstructure examinations included: SEM+EDS, X-ray diffraction analysis, surface profiling and colour analysis.
The measurements of colour of the laser-cleaned surfaces showed that series of 100-μs pulses offer the most effective cleaning.
It was also found that by controlling the number of laser pulses it is possible to control the roughness of the cleaned surface. 相似文献
938.
Noble C. Woo Kunigunde Cherenack Gerhard Tr?ster Ralph Spolenak 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2010,100(1):281-285
Reducing the strain in brittle device layers is critical in the fabrication of robust flexible electronic devices. In this
study, the cracking behavior of micro-patterned 500-nm-thick Ti films was investigated via uniaxial tensile testing by in
situ SEM and 4-point probe measurements. Both visual observations by SEM and 4-pt resistance measurements showed that strategically
patterned oval holes, off-set and rotated by 45°, had a significant effect on limiting the extent of cracking, specifically,
in preventing cracks from converging. Failure with regard to electrical conduction was delayed from less than 2% to more than
10% strain. 相似文献
939.
Borko D. Stoši? 《Physica A》2009,388(12):2373-2382
In this work an application of MCMC is proposed for unsupervised data classification, in conjunction with a novel pairwise objective function, which is shown to work well in situations where clusters to be identified have a strong overlap, and the centroid oriented methods (such as K-means) fail by construction. In particular, an exceptionally simple but difficult situation is addressed when cluster centroids coincide, and one can differentiate between the clusters only on the basis of their variance. Performance of the proposed approach is tested on synthetic and real datasets. 相似文献
940.
Sandra Schl?gl Nicolai Aust Raimund Schaller Armin Holzner Wolfgang Kern 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2010,79(7):1365-1372